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Dentistry > Muscles And The Heart > Flashcards

Muscles And The Heart Flashcards

0
Q

What constrictors do endothelial cells release ?

A

Endothelin

Thromboxane

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1
Q

What are the functions of endothelial cells ?

A

Blood vessel control
Prevent platelet aggregation and blood clot formation
Angiogenesis and vessel remodelling
Permeable barrier for nutrients and fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What dilators do endothelial cells release ?

A

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin

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3
Q

What is normal blood pressure ?

A

120/80 ( systole / diastole )

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4
Q

How do you work out mean arterial pressure ?

A

Diastolic bp + 1/3 pulse pressure

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5
Q

What is cardiac output equal to ?

A

Stroke volume * heart rate

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6
Q

In an ecg : what does the p wave equal ?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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7
Q

What does the QRS complex equal ?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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8
Q

What does the t wave equal ?

A

Ventricular re polarisation

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9
Q

What does the p-r interval represent ?

A

Delay through the av node

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10
Q

What does the s-t interval represent

A

Plateau phase of a.p

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11
Q

What is positive inotrophy

A

Increases force of contraction

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12
Q

What is positive choronotrophy

A

Increases heart rate

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13
Q

Positive lusitrophy ?

A

Increase speed of relaxation

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14
Q

What is positive dromotrophy

A

Increases speed of conduction

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15
Q

What is MABP ?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure - cardiac output * total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

Where are baroreceptors

What do they respond to ?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

Respond to stretching pressure change

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17
Q

When do the lungs develop ?

A

32 weeks

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18
Q

In foetus what diverts blood away from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

A

To aorta via ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

What does the ductus venousus do ?

A

Diverted umbilical vein blood from the vena cava

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20
Q

What does the foramen ovale do ?

What does it become after birth

A

Hole between atria prevents blood going to lungs

Becomes fossa ovalis

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21
Q

What can cause infective endocarditis

A

Strep. Viridans

Staph. Aureus

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22
Q

What factors control blood flow ?

A

Length of tube
Viscosity of liquid
Pressure gradient
Cross sectional area of the tube

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23
Q

What is the poiseuille equation ?

A

Blood flow (q) = (

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24
Q

What do we have to assume when using the equation

A
  • flow is laminar
  • flow is non pulsated
  • flow is straight through uniformed tube
25
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is albumins ?

A

60%

26
Q

What percentage is globulins ?

A

35%

27
Q

What percentage is fibrinogen ?

A

4% (key component of blood clot)

28
Q

What percentage are regulatory proteins ?

A

1%

29
Q

What percentage of blood is cells ?

A

55%

30
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma ?

A

45%

31
Q

Where is red bone marrow found ?

A

Skull (vault)
Top/bottom ends of long bones e.g femur
Pelvis

32
Q

What is the life span of a red blood cell ?

A

120 days

33
Q

What are old red blood cells removed by ?

A

MP system

Mononuclearphagocyte system

34
Q

What are rbc broken down into ?

A

Protein - amino acid pool

Haem - iron - biliverdin - bilirubin - excreted as bile pigment

35
Q

What is required for erythropoiesis to occur successfully ?

A

Folic acid and vitamin b 12 iron

36
Q

What regulates rbc formation?

A

Erythropoietin

37
Q

What is the rbc on day 1

A

Proerythroblast

38
Q

Day 2 ?

A

Basophillic erythroblast

39
Q

Day 3

A

Polychromatophillic erythroblast

40
Q

Day 4?

A

Normoblast - ejection of nucleus

41
Q

Day 5-7 ?

A

Reticulocyte

Enters circulation

42
Q

What percentage of wbc are neutrophils ?
What are they associated with ?
What do they look like ?

A

50-70%
Acute inflammation, phagocytic non specific defense
Multi-nucleated 2x rbc size

43
Q

What percentage are basophils ?
What are they associated with ?
What do they look like ?

A

1%
Circulating masts cells produce histamine / heparin
Dark mass 3x rbc

44
Q

What percentage are eosinophils ?
What are they associated with ?
What do they look like ?

A

2-4%
Involved in allergic reactions and defence against parasites
Bilobed nucleus
3x size

45
Q

Which cells are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

46
Q

Which cells are agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

47
Q

What percentage of cells are monocytes ?
What are they associated with?
What do they look like ?

A

2-8%
Become macrophages, antigen presenting cells
Dark bilobed nucleus
Much bigger

48
Q

What percentage are lymphocytes ?
What are they associated with ?
What do they look like ?

A

25-30%
Cell mediated immunity (t)
Humoural immunity ( antibody producing B cells )
Large dark nucleus - fills most of space

49
Q

What are platelets derived from ?

A

Megakarocytes

50
Q

What are the roles of platelets

A 
Involved in haemostasis 
Release vasoconstrictors 
Form platelet plug 
Source of phospholipid for coagulation 
Normal amount is 150-400x10^9 per litre
51
Q

Which blood groups are most common ?

Which is the rarest

A

A and O

AB

52
Q

Which is the most common rhesus

A

RH +

53
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor ?

A

Blood group O-

54
Q

Which blood group is universal recipient ?

A

Group AB

55
Q

What vessels form the superior vena cava

A

L and R Brachiocephalic veins

56
Q

Why may bp increase in lungs

A

May be a superior vena cava obstruction

57
Q

How many valvules in aortic valves

A

3

58
Q

Where are the aortic sinuses

What arises close to them

A

Just above aortic valve

Coronary arteries

59
Q

Where does blood enter right atria

A

Via superior and inferior vena cava

Deoxygenated

60
Q

Where does blood enter the left atria

A

Left and right pulmonary veins

Oxygenated

Dentistry (8 decks)

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