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Alimentary System and thorax Flashcards

0
Q

What is contained in the adventitia ?

A

Larger blood vessels and nerves

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1
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract ?

A

Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria/ externa
Adventitia / serosa

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2
Q

What is the muscle arrangement for the g.i.t

A

Inner circular

Longitudinal outer

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3
Q

What are the features of coeliac disease ?

A

Villious atrophy
Increased number of hyperplastic crypts
Increase number of inflammatory cells

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4
Q

What do parietal / oxyntic cells release ?

A

Hcl / intrinsic factor

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5
Q

What do chief cells release ?

A

Pepsinogen which goes to pepsin

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6
Q

What do endocrine cells release ?

A

Gastrin

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7
Q

The pharyngeal plexus doesn’t innervate which muscle of the soft palate ?

A

Tensor veli palatini

It’s innervate by V trigeminal nerve

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8
Q

Which longitudinal muscle of the pharynx is innervated by cn 9 ( glossopharyngeal )

A

Stylopharyngeus

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9
Q

Which vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus ?

A

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular veins

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10
Q

What comprises of the pharyngeal plexus ?

What type of fibres are present ?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
Motor and sensory fibres
Both primary and secondary

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply of the liver ?

Where does it arise from ?

A

Hepatic artery from the coeliac trunk

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12
Q

What is the nerve associated with the oesophagus

What is its supply ?

A

Phrenic nerve

Cervical 3,4,5

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13
Q

What is the function and nerve supply of the buccinator muscle

A

Maintains food in centre of oral cavity

Facial nerve 7, buccal branch

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14
Q

What common pathology may result in the buccinator not functioning ?
What are the consequences ?

A

Stroke - cerebrovascular accident

Drooling / unable to contain food

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15
Q

What is the function of the masseter ?

A

Elevation of the mandible

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16
Q

How would you test the integrity of the masseter

A

Get patient to clench teeth, feel muscle bulk and power

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17
Q

How do the secretions produced by the parotid gland enter the oral cavity ?

A

Pass through buccinator muscle to duct opposite the 2nd upper molars

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18
Q

Which nerve passes through the buccinator muscle ?

A

Facial nerve

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19
Q

What are the other major salivary glands ?

What secretions do they produce ?

A

Submandibular - mixed
Sublingual - mucous
(Parotid is serous )

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20
Q

What are the different parts of the pharynx ?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Base of skull - soft palate

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22
Q

What lymphoid tissues are closely related to the auditory tube ?

A

Tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils

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23
Q

What a re the fold of the stomach lining called ?

A

Rugae

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24
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder

A

Storage and concentration of bile

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25
Q

What is a gall stone

A

Stone made up of cholesterol, bilirubin, calcium salts

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26
Q

where does the hepatic portal vein arise from ?

A

Gastrointestinal organs

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27
Q

Where do anastomoses arise ?

A

Oesophagus and stomach

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28
Q

What is portal hypertension ?

A

Increase pressure in liver
Can lead to raised pressures in anastomoses
Could rupture and haemorrhage

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29
Q

Which division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply

A

Fore gut

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30
Q

Which division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery supply ?

A

Mid gut

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31
Q

What are the lobes of the liver called ?

A

Right left, caudate quadrate

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32
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver ?

A

Remnant of the umbilical vein

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33
Q

What was the purpose of the umbilical vein in foetal life ?

A

Allows nutrients in blood to bypass the liver to prevent the liver using it all up

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34
Q

What do Brunners glands release and where are they found ?

A

Secret alkaline mucus
Found in duodenum
Helps neutralise gastric acid in chyme

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35
Q

What causes secretin to be secreted ?

A

Low ph in duodenum

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36
Q

How does the muscle alter in the oesophagus

A

Upper - skeletal
Middle - mixed
Lower - smooth

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37
Q

What causes barrets oesophagus

What does it cause ?

A

Long standing gastrooesophageal reflux disease

Squamous to columnar in lower oesophagus

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38
Q

What part of peritoneum wraps around internal organs

A

Visceral

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39
Q

What does the mesentery do ?

A

Holds up peritoneum

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40
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum do ?

A

Attached to abdomen and pelvic walls

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41
Q

What do pharyngeal constrictors do ?
What would happen if they were damaged ?
How would you test this ?

A

Contraction of pharynx
Food wouldn’t pass properly
Ask patient to say ahh and same nerve supplies uvula

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42
Q

What are the pharyngeal constrictors

What is there muscular arrangement

A

Superior, middle , inferior
Circular outer
Longitudinal inner

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43
Q

What are the anatomical regions of the stomach

A

Fundus, cardia, body, pylorus

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44
Q

What is contained within the greater omentum

A

Adipose tissue
Lymphatic tissue
Blood vessels nerves

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45
Q

What forms the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

Diaphragm

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46
Q

What are the anterior boundaries of the mouth ?

A

Lips

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47
Q

What are the lateral boundaries of the mouth

A

Cheeks

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48
Q

What are the inferior boundaries of the mouth

A

Mylohoid muscle , tongue

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49
Q

What is the superior boundary of the mouth ?

50
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the mouth ?

A

Fauces, pillars

51
Q

What pathologies can affect the salivary glands ?

A

Sialodentis inflammation
Sialolithiasis stones
Tumours

52
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm

53
Q

Which nerve innervated the diaphragm ?

A

Phrenic nerve c 3,4,5

54
Q

What comprises of the thoracic cage ?

A

Ribs, sternum, manibrium, xiphoid process

55
Q

Where is the jugular notch ?

What is it used for ?

A

Superior border of the manibrium

Palpatation of the trachea

56
Q

What is the manibriosternal joint used for ?

A

To identify the second rib

57
Q

How many pairs of ribs

How are they classified

A

12
1-7 true
8-10 false
11-12 floating

58
Q

What are the different parts of the sternum ?

A

Manibrium , body, xiphoid process

59
Q

What vessels are found lateral to the sternum ?

A

Internal thoracic vessels

60
Q

What is the 1 area if the abdomen ?

What is in it ?

A

Right hypochondrium

Hepatic flexure liver, gall bladder, duodenum

61
Q

What is 2 area ?

What is in it ?

A

Epigastric

Liver, stomach , duodenum pancreas

62
Q

What is 3 area ?

What is in it ?

A

Left hypochondrium

Stomach spleen, pancreas, splenic flexure

63
Q

What is 4 area ?

What is in it ?

A

Right lumbar

Ascending colon

64
Q

What is 5 area

What is in it ?

A

Umbilical - transverse colon, omentum mesentery

65
Q

What is 6area?

What is in it ?

A

Left lumbar

Descending colon

66
Q

What is area 7 ?

What is in it ?

A

Right iliac fossa

Caecum and appendix

67
Q

What is area 8

What is in it ?

A

Suprapubic

Ileum and bladder

68
Q

What is area 9

What is in it

A

Left iliac fossa

Sigmoid ( large intestine )

69
Q

What are the divisions of the medistinium

A

Superior

Inferior - anterior,middle, posterior

70
Q

What is in the superior medistinium

A

Greater vessels , phrenic and vagus nerves

Sympathetic trunk, thymus

71
Q

What is in the anterior section ?

A

Adipose tissue

72
Q

What is in the middle section

73
Q

What is in the posterior section

A

Descending thoracic aorta
Splanchnic nerves , thoracic duct
Azygous/ hemiazgous veins
Oesophagus

74
Q

Where does bold produced in the liver enter the intestinal tract ?

A

Via major duodenal papilla
Through sphincter of oddi
Into second part of duodenum

75
Q

What is bile ?

A

Water Bile pigments
Cholesterol
Phospholipids Bicarbonate
Responsible for fat digestion

76
Q

What is the duct from the gall bladder called ?

A

Cystic duct

77
Q

What are the different cell types in the stomach regions ?

A

Cardia - mucous
Body - parietal
Pylorus - mucous

78
Q

What is the function of the temporallis

A

Elevation and retraction of mandible

79
Q

What nerve supplies the temporallis

A

Trigeminal nerve

Mandibular division

80
Q

What is the supply for the masseter ?

A

Trigeminal nerve - mandibular division

81
Q

Which vessels for the hepatic portal vein

A

Superior mesenteric and splenic veins

82
Q

What is the blood supply of the pancreas and where does it come from ?

A

Superior pancreatic duodenal - gastroduodenal

Inferior pancreatic duodenal - superior mesenteric

83
Q

Phrenic nerves are behind which veins at the thoracic inlet ?

A

Subclavian veins

84
Q

Which route does the right subclavian vein take

A

Accompanies r. Brachiocephallic vein and superior vena cava of right lung

85
Q

What route does the left subclavian vein take

A

Lies lateral to common carotid

Crosses left side of aortic arch and passes in front of left lung

86
Q

What controls the cephalic stage of gastric activity ?

A
  • nerves long reflex
87
Q

What controls the gastric phase of gastric activity ?

A

Nerves long and short

Hormone gastric

88
Q

What controls the intestinal phase of gastric activity

A

Nerves - long and short
Hormones - gip and secretin
Tends to slow emptying

89
Q

What mainly controls the small intestine ?

A

Mainly by local nerves - short freezes

90
Q

What is the job of secretin

A

Stimulates release of pancreatic juice

In response to acid in the duodenum

91
Q

When is cck released ?

A

In response to fat and protein in the duodenum

92
Q

What nerve relaxed the sphincter of oddi

A

The vagus nerve

93
Q

What controls the large intest and rectum

A

Autonomic ns
Vagus
Pelvic nerves ( s2-4)

94
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa ?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

95
Q

What type of epithelium is in the oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous

96
Q

How many mls goes into the alimentary ?

A

7600 in
100 out
Rest reabsorbed

97
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine

A

Caecum
Colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum

98
Q

What are the two flexures in the large colon ?

A

Lhs - splenic flexure

RHS - hepatic flexure

99
Q

What are taenia coli ?

What are haustrae

A

Incomplete longitudinal muscle

Circular muscle - gives bulges

100
Q

What epithelium is in the large intestine

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

101
Q

What’s a feature if the small and large intestine

A 
Intestinal crypts (of leiberkuhn ) 
Mucosal glands
102
Q

What are differences between the small and large intestine

A

Large has ; No villi

Taenia coli and haustrae

103
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine

A

Absorbs fluid and electrolytes from chyme

104
Q

What are the roles of intestinal flora in the large intestine

A

Ferment dietary fibre
Produce gases
Synthesise some vitamins
Vitamin b complex ; vitamin k

105
Q

Where does most motility occur in the large intestine

A

Caecum and ascending colon

106
Q

What occurs motility wise in the transverse and descending colon

A

Short range peristalsis

107
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas produce ?

A

Digestive enzymes

Bicarbonate ion

108
Q

What sort of glands are in the exocrine pancreas ?

What enzymes are produced !

A

Acinus
Amylase, lipase trypsin chymotrypsin
Nucleases

109
Q

What is the propose of the release of bicarbonate

A

Neutralises gastric acid

110
Q

What percentage of cells are alpha cells ?

111
Q

What percentage are beta cells

112
Q

What are the functions of the liver ?

A 
Metabolism of g.i.t material 
Storage of glycogen, release of glucose
Protein syntheseis 
Inactivation of hormones, drugs 
Excretion of waste          Bile production
113
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do ?

A

Drains all unpaired abdominal organs

114
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein drain

A

Pancreas
Stomach
Spleen
Large and small intestine

115
Q

What are the three compartments of the thorax

A

Right and left pleural cavities

Mediastinum

116
Q

What are the greater vessels in the thorax ?

A

Vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins

117
Q

What’s the first branch of the ascending aorta

A

Coronary arteries

118
Q

What’s the 2nd branch off the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk - right common carotid, right subclavian
Left common carotid direct from aorta

119
Q

What is the 3rd branch direct from the aorta

A

Left subclavian

120
Q

What are the greater veins

A

Inferior and superior vena cava
R/l internal jugular + l/r subclavian veins - r/l Brachiocephalic veins -
Superior vena cava

121
Q

What are the breathing muscles in the chest ?

A

Longus colli

122
Q

What does the thoracic duct do ?

A

Carries intrasititial fluid back to circulation

Dentistry (8 decks)

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