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Dentistry > Alimentary System and thorax > Flashcards

Alimentary System and thorax Flashcards

(123 cards)

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0
Q

What is contained in the adventitia ?

A

Larger blood vessels and nerves

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1
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract ?

A

Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria/ externa
Adventitia / serosa

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2
Q

What is the muscle arrangement for the g.i.t

A

Inner circular

Longitudinal outer

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3
Q

What are the features of coeliac disease ?

A

Villious atrophy
Increased number of hyperplastic crypts
Increase number of inflammatory cells

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4
Q

What do parietal / oxyntic cells release ?

A

Hcl / intrinsic factor

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5
Q

What do chief cells release ?

A

Pepsinogen which goes to pepsin

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6
Q

What do endocrine cells release ?

A

Gastrin

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7
Q

The pharyngeal plexus doesn’t innervate which muscle of the soft palate ?

A

Tensor veli palatini

It’s innervate by V trigeminal nerve

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8
Q

Which longitudinal muscle of the pharynx is innervated by cn 9 ( glossopharyngeal )

A

Stylopharyngeus

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9
Q

Which vessels are closely related to the pharyngeal plexus ?

A

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular veins

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10
Q

What comprises of the pharyngeal plexus ?

What type of fibres are present ?

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
Motor and sensory fibres
Both primary and secondary

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11
Q

What is the arterial supply of the liver ?

Where does it arise from ?

A

Hepatic artery from the coeliac trunk

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12
Q

What is the nerve associated with the oesophagus

What is its supply ?

A

Phrenic nerve

Cervical 3,4,5

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13
Q

What is the function and nerve supply of the buccinator muscle

A

Maintains food in centre of oral cavity

Facial nerve 7, buccal branch

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14
Q

What common pathology may result in the buccinator not functioning ?
What are the consequences ?

A

Stroke - cerebrovascular accident

Drooling / unable to contain food

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15
Q

What is the function of the masseter ?

A

Elevation of the mandible

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16
Q

How would you test the integrity of the masseter

A

Get patient to clench teeth, feel muscle bulk and power

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17
Q

How do the secretions produced by the parotid gland enter the oral cavity ?

A

Pass through buccinator muscle to duct opposite the 2nd upper molars

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18
Q

Which nerve passes through the buccinator muscle ?

A

Facial nerve

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19
Q

What are the other major salivary glands ?

What secretions do they produce ?

A

Submandibular - mixed
Sublingual - mucous
(Parotid is serous )

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20
Q

What are the different parts of the pharynx ?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Base of skull - soft palate

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22
Q

What lymphoid tissues are closely related to the auditory tube ?

A

Tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils

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23
Q

What a re the fold of the stomach lining called ?

A

Rugae

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24
What is the function of the gall bladder
Storage and concentration of bile
25
What is a gall stone
Stone made up of cholesterol, bilirubin, calcium salts
26
where does the hepatic portal vein arise from ?
Gastrointestinal organs
27
Where do anastomoses arise ?
Oesophagus and stomach
28
What is portal hypertension ?
Increase pressure in liver Can lead to raised pressures in anastomoses Could rupture and haemorrhage
29
Which division of the gut does the coeliac trunk supply
Fore gut
30
Which division of the gut does the superior mesenteric artery supply ?
Mid gut
31
What are the lobes of the liver called ?
Right left, caudate quadrate
32
What is the round ligament of the liver ?
Remnant of the umbilical vein
33
What was the purpose of the umbilical vein in foetal life ?
Allows nutrients in blood to bypass the liver to prevent the liver using it all up
34
What do Brunners glands release and where are they found ?
Secret alkaline mucus Found in duodenum Helps neutralise gastric acid in chyme
35
What causes secretin to be secreted ?
Low ph in duodenum
36
How does the muscle alter in the oesophagus
Upper - skeletal Middle - mixed Lower - smooth
37
What causes barrets oesophagus | What does it cause ?
Long standing gastrooesophageal reflux disease | Squamous to columnar in lower oesophagus
38
What part of peritoneum wraps around internal organs
Visceral
39
What does the mesentery do ?
Holds up peritoneum
40
What does the parietal peritoneum do ?
Attached to abdomen and pelvic walls
41
What do pharyngeal constrictors do ? What would happen if they were damaged ? How would you test this ?
Contraction of pharynx Food wouldn't pass properly Ask patient to say ahh and same nerve supplies uvula
42
What are the pharyngeal constrictors | What is there muscular arrangement
Superior, middle , inferior Circular outer Longitudinal inner
43
What are the anatomical regions of the stomach
Fundus, cardia, body, pylorus
44
What is contained within the greater omentum
Adipose tissue Lymphatic tissue Blood vessels nerves
45
What forms the lower oesophageal sphincter
Diaphragm
46
What are the anterior boundaries of the mouth ?
Lips
47
What are the lateral boundaries of the mouth
Cheeks
48
What are the inferior boundaries of the mouth
Mylohoid muscle , tongue
49
What is the superior boundary of the mouth ?
Palate
50
What is the posterior boundary of the mouth ?
Fauces, pillars
51
What pathologies can affect the salivary glands ?
Sialodentis inflammation Sialolithiasis stones Tumours
52
What type of muscle is the diaphragm
Skeletal
53
Which nerve innervated the diaphragm ?
Phrenic nerve c 3,4,5
54
What comprises of the thoracic cage ?
Ribs, sternum, manibrium, xiphoid process
55
Where is the jugular notch ? | What is it used for ?
Superior border of the manibrium | Palpatation of the trachea
56
What is the manibriosternal joint used for ?
To identify the second rib
57
How many pairs of ribs | How are they classified
12 1-7 true 8-10 false 11-12 floating
58
What are the different parts of the sternum ?
Manibrium , body, xiphoid process
59
What vessels are found lateral to the sternum ?
Internal thoracic vessels
60
What is the 1 area if the abdomen ? | What is in it ?
Right hypochondrium | Hepatic flexure liver, gall bladder, duodenum
61
What is 2 area ? | What is in it ?
Epigastric | Liver, stomach , duodenum pancreas
62
What is 3 area ? | What is in it ?
Left hypochondrium | Stomach spleen, pancreas, splenic flexure
63
What is 4 area ? | What is in it ?
Right lumbar | Ascending colon
64
What is 5 area | What is in it ?
Umbilical - transverse colon, omentum mesentery
65
What is 6area? | What is in it ?
Left lumbar | Descending colon
66
What is area 7 ? | What is in it ?
Right iliac fossa | Caecum and appendix
67
What is area 8 | What is in it ?
Suprapubic | Ileum and bladder
68
What is area 9 | What is in it
Left iliac fossa | Sigmoid ( large intestine )
69
What are the divisions of the medistinium
Superior | Inferior - anterior,middle, posterior
70
What is in the superior medistinium
Greater vessels , phrenic and vagus nerves | Sympathetic trunk, thymus
71
What is in the anterior section ?
Adipose tissue
72
What is in the middle section
Heart
73
What is in the posterior section
Descending thoracic aorta Splanchnic nerves , thoracic duct Azygous/ hemiazgous veins Oesophagus
74
Where does bold produced in the liver enter the intestinal tract ?
Via major duodenal papilla Through sphincter of oddi Into second part of duodenum
75
What is bile ?
Water Bile pigments Cholesterol Phospholipids Bicarbonate Responsible for fat digestion
76
What is the duct from the gall bladder called ?
Cystic duct
77
What are the different cell types in the stomach regions ?
Cardia - mucous Body - parietal Pylorus - mucous
78
What is the function of the temporallis
Elevation and retraction of mandible
79
What nerve supplies the temporallis
Trigeminal nerve | Mandibular division
80
What is the supply for the masseter ?
Trigeminal nerve - mandibular division
81
Which vessels for the hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric and splenic veins
82
What is the blood supply of the pancreas and where does it come from ?
Superior pancreatic duodenal - gastroduodenal | Inferior pancreatic duodenal - superior mesenteric
83
Phrenic nerves are behind which veins at the thoracic inlet ?
Subclavian veins
84
Which route does the right subclavian vein take
Accompanies r. Brachiocephallic vein and superior vena cava of right lung
85
What route does the left subclavian vein take
Lies lateral to common carotid | Crosses left side of aortic arch and passes in front of left lung
86
What controls the cephalic stage of gastric activity ?
- nerves long reflex
87
What controls the gastric phase of gastric activity ?
Nerves long and short | Hormone gastric
88
What controls the intestinal phase of gastric activity
Nerves - long and short Hormones - gip and secretin Tends to slow emptying
89
What mainly controls the small intestine ?
Mainly by local nerves - short freezes
90
What is the job of secretin
Stimulates release of pancreatic juice | In response to acid in the duodenum
91
When is cck released ?
In response to fat and protein in the duodenum
92
What nerve relaxed the sphincter of oddi
The vagus nerve
93
What controls the large intest and rectum
Autonomic ns Vagus Pelvic nerves ( s2-4)
94
What are the layers of the mucosa ?
Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae
95
What type of epithelium is in the oesophagus
Stratified squamous
96
How many mls goes into the alimentary ?
7600 in 100 out Rest reabsorbed
97
What are the sections of the large intestine
Caecum Colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid Rectum
98
What are the two flexures in the large colon ?
Lhs - splenic flexure | RHS - hepatic flexure
99
What are taenia coli ? | What are haustrae
Incomplete longitudinal muscle | Circular muscle - gives bulges
100
What epithelium is in the large intestine
Simple columnar with goblet cells
101
What's a feature if the small and large intestine
``` Intestinal crypts (of leiberkuhn ) Mucosal glands ```
102
What are differences between the small and large intestine
Large has ; No villi | Taenia coli and haustrae
103
What is the purpose of the large intestine
Absorbs fluid and electrolytes from chyme
104
What are the roles of intestinal flora in the large intestine
Ferment dietary fibre Produce gases Synthesise some vitamins Vitamin b complex ; vitamin k
105
Where does most motility occur in the large intestine
Caecum and ascending colon
106
What occurs motility wise in the transverse and descending colon
Short range peristalsis
107
What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas produce ?
Digestive enzymes | Bicarbonate ion
108
What sort of glands are in the exocrine pancreas ? | What enzymes are produced !
Acinus Amylase, lipase trypsin chymotrypsin Nucleases
109
What is the propose of the release of bicarbonate
Neutralises gastric acid
110
What percentage of cells are alpha cells ?
15%
111
What percentage are beta cells
80%
112
What are the functions of the liver ?
``` Metabolism of g.i.t material Storage of glycogen, release of glucose Protein syntheseis Inactivation of hormones, drugs Excretion of waste Bile production ```
113
What does the hepatic portal vein do ?
Drains all unpaired abdominal organs
114
What does the hepatic portal vein drain
Pancreas Stomach Spleen Large and small intestine
115
What are the three compartments of the thorax
Right and left pleural cavities | Mediastinum
116
What are the greater vessels in the thorax ?
Vena cava Aorta Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary veins
117
What's the first branch of the ascending aorta
Coronary arteries
118
What's the 2nd branch off the aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk - right common carotid, right subclavian Left common carotid direct from aorta
119
What is the 3rd branch direct from the aorta
Left subclavian
120
What are the greater veins
Inferior and superior vena cava R/l internal jugular + l/r subclavian veins - r/l Brachiocephalic veins - Superior vena cava
121
What are the breathing muscles in the chest ?
Longus colli
122
What does the thoracic duct do ?
Carries intrasititial fluid back to circulation

Dentistry (8 decks)

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