Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dentistry > Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Cells And Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

Where are ribosomes formed

A

Nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the cell membrane ?

What is its function?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
Retains chemicals in cell and creates cell boundary
Communication
Monitors substances in and out the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which type of cell has larger ribosomes ?

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

Protein production :
Lysosomal enzymes
Secreted proteins
Integral membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

A 
Lipid production 
In liver - glycogen to glucose 
In adrenal medulla - steroid hormone production 
In muscle - calcium storage 
Detoxifying into water soluable products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Protein modification
Storage of proteins
Packaging of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Single membrane storage areas

Made via the fusion of many vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are vesicles

A

Much smaller deal with transport of molecules in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they do ?

A

Large vesicles
Contain hydrologic enzymes
Extra cellular breakdown of materials - phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton ?

What is the function ?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments

Maintain cells shape, cell movement, organelle movement, movement of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle (in order) and what occurs in them ?

A 
G0: terminally differentiated cells 
G1: cells differentiate and perform functions 
S: nuclear Dna replication 
G2: cells prepare for mitotic devision 
M: mitosis occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the stages of mitosis and what occurs ?

A

Prophase - chromosomes visible, shorten, no nucleolus
Metaphase - chromosomes align in centre
Anaphase - chromatids to opposite poles
Telophase - chromatid - chromosome, envelope forms
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues ?

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can cause changes to tissues ?

A 
Stress - physical and chemical 
Infection 
Poor diet 
Genetic / congenital 
Degenerative , neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the limit of resolution for the eye ?

What is the limit for a microscope ?

A

Eye - 0.2mm

Microscope - 0.2 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the stages in tissue preparation ?

A 
Fixation 
Dehydration 
Embedding 
Sectioning 
Staining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial ?

A

Highly cellular
Very little extra cellular matrix
Cells bind via adhesions/ junctions
Avascular - avoids blood loss !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is epithelial tissue at risk of ?

A

At risk of abnormal growth and tumours when regenerating as most common in areas of wear and tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the sides of epithelial cells called ?

A

Free apical surface
Lateral surfaces
Basal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are microvilli ?

What are the functions ?

A

Cytoplasmic protrusions

Increases surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are cillia ?

Where are they found ?

A

Motile hair like projections
Beat in coordinated movements to move substances
Found in respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are stereocilla ?

Where are they found ?

A

Non motile longer projections
Limited
Only In sensory hair cells of inner ear - epididymis / vas deferens
Increase surface area for absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disease associated with epithelial ? Specifically oral mucosa

A

Apthalous ulceration
Common in 20% of population
Caused by local trauma or deficiencies in iron/ vit b12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of epithelium if found in lining blood vessels, heart , alveoli

A

Simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of epithelium is found in glands, some ducts, bronchioles and stomach ?

A

Simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the skin ? And the mouth larynx oesophagus ?

A

Skin - keratinised stratified squamous

Rest - non keratinised stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What epithelium is found in salivary gland ducts, sweat glands and ovarian follicle cells (rare)

A

Stratified cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous ?

A

Diffusion , filtration absorption

Little barrier against friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of simple columnar ?

A

Some have cillia so movement of substances, absorption, secretion
Offers more protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous ?

A

Protection against friction , barrier to infection, reduction of water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal ?

A

Secretion , absorption, protection against infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of psuedostratified columnar ?

A

Almost always ciliated

Synthesise and secrete mucous, movement of mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What epithelium is found in the lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchi, trachea ?

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What special type of epithelium lines the bladder?

Why is is special ?

A

Transitional epithelium

Changes to accommodate great stretch and recoil with no damage to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the three main classes of connective tissue ?

A

Proper - loose/ dense
Supporting - bone/ cartilage
Fluid - blood / haemopoietic

35
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue ?

A

Connections Support Protection
Separation
Cushioning / insulation
Transportation ( blood )

36
Q

Common characteristics of connective tissue ?

A

Common germ layer - embryonic mesenchyme

2 components - specialised cells + ecm

37
Q

What is extra cellular matrix made up of ?

A

Protein fibres

Ground substance

38
Q

Blasts ?
Cytes?
Clasts ?

A

Create
Maintain
Breakdown

39
Q

What is ground substance ? And what is it like ?

A

Fluid and gel like
Cell adhesion proteins act as glue
Proteoglycans acts and core to which gags attach
Allows movement

40
Q

What are examples of cell adhesion proteins ?

A

Fibronectin
Osteonectin
Chondronectin

41
Q

What are some important glycosaminoglycans ?

A 
Hyaluronic acid 
Chonorotin sulphate 
Keperan sulphate 
Dematon sulphate 
Keraton sulphate
42
Q

Which is the most abundant connective fibre ?

A

Collagen

43
Q

What type of collagen is cartilage ?

A

Type 2

44
Q

What type of collagen are reticular fibres ?

A

Type 3

45
Q

What classification are areolar, reticular, adipose ?

A

Loose proper - not so many fibres

46
Q

What fibres fall into the proper dense classification ?

A

Regular / irregular elastic
Regular/ irregular collagen
Greater number of fibres

47
Q

Where is areolar tissue found ?

A

Skin / underlying muscle

48
Q

Where are reticular fibres found

A

Lymph nodes, liver

49
Q

What type of elastic is found in the dermis of skin ?

A

Irregular collagenous

50
Q

What is scurvy ?
What is is caused by ?
What are the effects ?

A

Defective collagen fibres - unstable
Due to vitamin c deficiency ( ascorbic acid )
Bleeding from capillaries
Bleeding gums, loosened teeth

51
Q

What is marfans syndrome
What causes it ?
What are features of the disease ?

A

Defective elastic fibres due to abnormal production of fibrillin 1
Over growth of tissues - very tall, greater arm span
Dilated aorta, valve prolapse
High arched palate, crowding, rotation of upper incisors

52
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage ?

A

Hyaline , elastic , fibro

53
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage ?

Where is is found ?

A

Most abundant

Articular joints, costal (ribs) nasal pathway , embryonic skeleton, growth plate

54
Q

What is different about fibro cartilage ?

Where is is found ?

A

Lacks perichondrium

Invertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular disks of tmj, menisci of knee joint

55
Q

What are the percentage components of bone ?

A

Organic - 35% protein fibres and proteoglycans

Inorganic - 65% calcium and phosphate

56
Q

What is concentric lamellae ?

A

Surrounds the osteon

57
Q

What is an osteon ?

A

Central Canal and vessels surrounded by concentric lamellae and osteocytes in lacunae
Havesian system

58
Q

What is a volkman canal ?

A

Where blood vessels enter via canals perpendicular to the long axis

59
Q

What is outer lamellae called ?

A

Circumferential

60
Q

What is lamellae inbetween osteons called ?

A

Interstitial

61
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin ?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

62
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis ?

A 
S. Corneum
S. Lucidium 
S.granulosum 
S. Spinosum 
S. Basale
63
Q

What cells make up the s. Corneum

A

Dead keratinocytes, these shed off - protection

64
Q

Which layer is only present in thick skin ?

A

S. Lucidium

65
Q

What cells are in the s. Spinosum

A

Living keratinocytes, denitrific cells , melanocytes

66
Q

What are merkel cells ?

A

Sensory receptors

67
Q

What are langerhans cells

A

Antigen presenting immune cells

68
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis and what do they contain?

A

Papillary - projects into epidermis contains nerve endings and blood vessels
Reticular - dense and fibrous

69
Q

What are the layers of mucous membranes ?

Where are they found ?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria ( supportive areolar)
Any surface continuous with external environment
Lubricated with mucin

70
Q

Which type of papilla don’t have taste buds ?

A

Filiform papilla

71
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle ?

A 
Branched
One centrally located nuclei 
Intercalated disks 
Striated 
Large diameter, small length
72
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle ?

A

Fusiform, Central nuclei
Non striated
Small diameter
Medium length

73
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle ?

A 
Long cylindrical 
Many peripheral nuclei 
Striated 
Very large diameter 
Very large length
74
Q

What is the outer layer of muscle called ?

A

Epimysium

75
Q

What layer is wrapped around each muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

76
Q

What tissue is around each muscle fibre ?

A

Endomysium

77
Q

Short range hormone activity ?

Long range hormone activity ?

A

Paracrine

Neurocrine

78
Q

What patterns of secretion are there ?

A

Chronic - over days and weeks
Acute - over minutes/ hours
Episodic - over days

79
Q

What types of regulation are there in the body ?

A

Humoural - blood Bourne molecules
Neural - neurone stimulated hormone production
Hormonal - one stimulated another

80
Q

What type of exocrine glands are found in the stomach ?

A

Simple tubular branched

81
Q

What type of glands are mucous glands ?

A

Compound tubular

82
Q

What is a merocrine gland ?

A

Vesicles release contents, ducts release outwards

83
Q

What is a apocrine gland ?

A

Part of cell released with contents - cell debris

84
Q

What is a holocrine gland ?

A

Dying cells release secretory product - cell debris

85
Q

What is extra cellular fluid made of ?

A

Interstitial fluid - 11 litres

Plasma - 3 litres

86
Q

How many litres of Inter cellular fluid is there ?

A

28

Dentistry (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions