Muscles And Tendons

Question 1

Muscles “origin”

Answer 1

The attachment of the muscle to a bone at the more fixed or proximal end

Question 2

Muscles “insertion”

Answer 2

The attachment of the muscle to a bone at the end toward the part to be moved, or the more distal end

Question 3

Origin

Answer 3

Proximal attachment of the muscle to a bone

Question 4

Insertion

Answer 4

Distal attachment of the muscle to a bone

Question 5

Agonist

Answer 5

The muscle that contracts to produce a certain action about a joint.

Eg. The hamstrings are agonists when you flex your knee

Question 6

Antagonist

Answer 6

A muscle that relaxes while the agonist contracts

Eg. Quadriceps (at the front of the thigh) are the antagonists to the hamstrings when you flex your knee

Question 7

Synergist

Answer 7

A muscle that assists and fine tunes the action of the agonist and which can produce the same action although generally not as efficiently

Question 8

Tendons attach

Answer 8

Muscles to bones

Question 9

Tendons transmit

Answer 9

The forces produced by the muscles, moving joints

Question 10

Tendons have

Answer 10

Sensory nerves that communicate information about muscle tension and joint position to the brain

Question 11

Tendons and ligaments have limited capacity to

Answer 11

Stretch and do not contract

Question 12

Why should yogis not stretch ligaments and tendons beyond their normal length?

Answer 12

It can cause injury

Question 13

Monoarticular muscles cross

Answer 13

Only one joint

Question 14

Polyarticular muscles cross

Answer 14

More than one joint

Question 15

Muscle fibres contract in response to

Answer 15

Afferent nerve stimuli (from the central nervous system)

Question 16

What is afferent nerve stimuli?

Answer 16

An active, energy dependent process involving the release of calcium at the cellular level of the muscle fibre.

Calcium then forms cross-bridging between the myofilaments

Question 17

What are muscle fibres ?

Answer 17

Functional contractile units of each skeletal muscle

Question 18

What forms the individual skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

Fibres which are grouped into fascicles which, in turn, are grouped into bundles

Question 19

What are noncontractile elements of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 19

Connective tissue sheath surrounding the muscle bundles, fascicles (fascia), individual fibres and the myotendon junction

Question 20

What states can muscles exist in?

Answer 20

Contracted, relaxed or stretched states

Question 21

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

Answer 21

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

Question 22

What is concentric (isotonic) muscle contraction?

Answer 22

The muscle shortens while maintaining constant tension through a range of motion

Question 23

Eccentric contraction

Answer 23

The muscle contracts while lengthening

Question 24

Isometric contraction

Answer 24

The muscle generates tension but does not shorten and the bones do not move

Question 25

Types of muscle stretching

Answer 25

Static stretching
Facilitated stretching
Dynamic stretching

Question 26

What is the most common stretching technique used in Hatha yoga?

Answer 26

Static stretching

Question 27

What are the two types of static a

static stretching?

Answer 27

Active static stretching

Passive static stretching

Question 28

What does active static stretching involve?

Answer 28

Contracting antagonist muscles to stretch the targeted muscles

Question 29

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 29

Contracting antagonist muscles in an active stretch

The central nervous system signals the target muscle to relax

Question 30

What is passive static stretching?

Answer 30

When we relax into a stretch using only the force of the body weight (or an externally applied weight) to stretch the muscles

Question 31

What is facilitated stretching?

Answer 31

Stretching which involves contracting the muscle being stretched during an active stretch

Question 32

What is proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation?

Answer 32

Contracting a targeted muscle during an active static stretch

which triggers a reflex arc involving a golgi tendon organ resulting in a profound relaxation of the target muscle when the contraction period ends

Question 33

What is dynamic stretching?

Answer 33

Involves repetitive movement of the body into increasingly deeper stretches.

Often used in vinyasa style

Question 34

What does dynamic stretching in the morning do?

Answer 34

Resets the resting muscle length for the day