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Anatomy > Muscles and Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscles and Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue in the
human body?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

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1
Q

Muscle tissue transforms ____________ energy into ____________ energy.

A

chemical, mechanical

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2
Q

Which types of muscle tissue are striated?

A

Skeletal + Cardiac

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3
Q

What is the function of each type of muscle
tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue -responsible for voluntary
movements of the body, including actions such as walking, reaching, and
grasping objects.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue - found in the heart and is
responsible for pumping blood, ensuring circulation throughout the body.

Smooth Muscle Tissue -located in various internal
organs and structures, such as the walls of blood vessels and digestive organs,
and it functions involuntarily to propel substances, like blood and food, through
the body’s systems.

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4
Q

Which types are voluntary? Involuntary?

A

Skeletal - Voluntary
Cardiac - Involuntary
Smooth - Involuntary

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5
Q

List and define the 4 characteristics common to ALL types of muscle tissue

A

Excitability (responsiveness)- ability to receive/respond to stimuli by changing its membrane potential

Contractility- ability to forcibly shorten when stimulated

Extensibility- ability to stretch or extend - even beyond resting length

Elasticity- ability to recoil to resting length

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6
Q

List and define the 4 functions of muscle tissue.

A
  • Produce Movement- – locomotion and manipulation
    – contraction of the heart
    – blood vessel dilation/constriction
    – movement of all fluids/substances through tracts
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • Stabilize joints
  • Generate heat
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7
Q

In order to contract, skeletal muscles require
__________, ____________, and ____________.

A
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8
Q

Be familiar with the equation for cellular
respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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9
Q

Where does O2 come from? How about C6H12O6?

A

O2 comes from the air we breathe

C6H12O6 comes from the broken down carbohydrates in our diet

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10
Q

What happens to the CO2 and H20 created?

A

CO2 is breathed out

H2O is used by the body for maintaining hydration or is excreted through urination, or sweating

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11
Q

Define epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. What type of structures are they? Know what each covers.

A

Epimysium- most external; dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle; may blend with fascia

Perimysium- fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)

Endomysium- most internal; fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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12
Q

When epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium are join together what do they become?

A

Together they become tendons that joins muscles to bones

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13
Q

Define origin and insertion. For practice, think
of a muscle. What is its origin? What is its
insertion?

A

Origin : the immovable or less movable bone

Insertion : the moveable bone

For the biceps brachii, origin is on the coracoid process of scapula, insertion
is merged into a tendon on the radius bone of the forearm

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14
Q

A tendon is an example of what type of
attachment?

A

Indirect : connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as ropelike tendon
or sheetlike aponeurosis (more common!)

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15
Q

What is the other type of attachment (not
indirect)? Name a muscle that attaches this
way.

A

Direct ( Fleshy ): epimysium fused to periosteum or perichondrium

Example is the deltoid

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16
Q

What shape is a muscle cell? What are two
cellular organelles that a muscle cell would
have multiple of?

A

A muscle shape is long and cylindrical

They would have mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum or myofibrils

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17
Q

Define sarcolemma.

A

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

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18
Q

Define sarcoplasm.

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

19
Q

What are glycosomes?

A

Sarcoplasm contains many glycosomes – granules of stored glycogen

20
Q

Define myoglobin.

A

a red pigment that stores Oxygen

21
Q

What are myofibrils? How many might you
find in a single muscle cell?

A

Myofibrils : densely packed, rodlike elements

A single muscle fiber can contain 1,000s

22
Q

Myofibrils are chains of _________________.

A

Sarcomeres (basic structural and functional unit of a muscle)

23
Q

Draw out a sarcomere and label the following parts: A Band, I Band, H Zone, M Line, Actin, Myosin, Z Line. Do this over and over until you’ve got it down!

A
24
Q

What bands make up the dark region? How about the light region?

A

A bands- dark regions

I bands- lighter regions

25
Q

Why is the H Zone a lighter region within
the dark region?

A

H zone appears lighter since it contains only myosin filaments

26
Q

Is actin the thin filament or the thick
filament? What about myosin?

A

Actin- thin filament

Myosin- thick filament

27
Q

What are polypeptide chains?

A

long chains of amino acids bounded by peptide bonds

28
Q

What types of polypeptide chains make up the thick filament? Within the thick filament, where can you find each type of polypeptide chain?

A

Thick Filaments - composed of the protein myosin. Each myosin molecule
contains 2 heavy and 4 light polypeptide chains.

Heavy chains intertwine to form myosin tail

Light chains form globular myosin heads

29
Q

What is the function of the myosin head?

A

During contraction, myosin heads link thick and thin filaments together forming
cross bridges

30
Q

Define G (Globular) Actin. What is its function?

A

Actin has kidney-shaped, polypeptide subunits called G (globular) actin

G actin subunits bear the sites for myosin head attachment during cross
bridge formation

31
Q

Define F (Fibrous) Actin. What is its function?

A

G actin subunits link together to form long, fibrous F actin

2 F actin strands twist together to form a thin filament

32
Q

List the 2 regulatory proteins bound to actin. What is each of their specific functions?

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin - regulatory proteins bound to actin that control
muscle contraction

Tropomyosin - rod-shaped protein, spiral about the actin core and block
myosin-binding sites

Troponin - globular protein, able to bind to 1-actin, 2-tropomyosin, 3- calcium

33
Q

What role does the protein elastin play?
How about dystrophin?

A

Elastin’s main function is to allow tissues in your body to stretch out and
shrink back .

Elastic Filament - composed of protein titin; holds thick filaments in place;
helps to resist excessive stretch and assists with recoil

Dystrophin - structural protein that links the thin filaments to the integral
proteins of the sarcolemma

34
Q

Broadly, what are the muscular dystrophies?
What are some specific symptoms of
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)? What
protein is impaired in DMD? What does
impairment of this protein cause in terms of
muscle function? Do you remember how
scientists are attempting to cure DMD? I
talked about it in class!

A
35
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum? What is its
function?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
tubules surrounding each myofibril

  • Stores and releases calcium on demand
  • Functions in regulation of intracellular calcium levels
  • Most tubules run longitudinally
36
Q

What is a terminal cistern? Where can you
find them?

A

Terminal Cisterns - SR tubules that form perpendicular cross channels
at the A-I band junction; always occur in pairs

37
Q

What is a T-Tubule? Where can you find them? What is its function?

A

Tube formed by protrusion of the sarcolemma deep into the cell’s
interior – pass from 1 myofibril to the next

Occur at A-I band junction - between terminal cisterns

T Tubules allow electrical nerve transmissions to reach deep into
the interior of each muscle fiber and trigger the release of calcium

38
Q

Together, the 2 terminal cisterns and the T-
Tubule are known as the __________?

A

Triad - area formed from the terminal cistern of one sarcomere, a T tubule, and
the terminal cistern of the neighboring sarcomere

39
Q

Protruding proteins from the T-Tubules act as what type of sensors?

A

voltage sensors – change shape in response to an electrical current

40
Q

Protruding proteins from the SR act as what type of sensors?

A

form gated channels through which Calcium can be released

41
Q

What happens when an electrical impulse
passes through the triad?

A

T tubule proteins change shape, SR proteins change shape, and calcium is released into the cytoplasm

42
Q

Contraction is generation of ___________ by
activation of myosin’s _____________________.

A

force, cross bridges

43
Q

Which myofilament slides in the sliding filament model? Do actin and myosin change their individual lengths?
If not, how does the sarcomere change length?

A

The actin filaments slide relative to the myosin filaments

Actin and myosin do not change their lengths

Sarcomere Length Change - Sarcomeres, the basic structural units of
muscle fibers, change length as a result of the sliding of actin and myosin
filaments. When a muscle contracts, the sarcomeres shorten, bringing the Z
lines closer together. When a muscle relaxes, the sarcomeres lengthen, and
the Z lines move farther apart.

44
Q

What happens with Z Discs, I bands, H Zones
and A bands when the muscle contracts

A

Ratcheting action shortens the muscle fiber

  • Z discs are pulled toward the M line
  • I bands shorten
  • H zones disappear
  • A bands move closer together

Anatomy (7 decks)

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