Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

In the nervous system, cells communicate by rapid, specific __________ and _____________ signals.

A

electrical, chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List and define the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system. Think of an example of each function.

A

Sensory Input - Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Ex. Eyes

Integration - Processing and interpretation of sensory input

Motor Output - Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) to produce a response
Ex. Muscles activated to get water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What anatomical structures make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

Integration and control center

Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What anatomical structures male up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Portions of the nervous system outside of the CNS - the nerves extending from the brain and the spinal cord

Spinal Nerves - to/from the spinal cord

Cranial Nerves - to/from the brain

Ganglia - collections of neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the PNS?

A

Communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The PNS is divided into the ___________ and ___________ divisions.

A

Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of sensory (afferent) division?

A

Keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on inside and outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What specific types of fibers make up the sensory division?

A

Somatic Sensory Fibers - convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS
(Responsible for voluntary movements)

Visceral Sensory Fibers - convey impulses from visceral organs to the CNS
(Responsible for involuntary movements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of motor (efferent) division?

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the motor division of the PNS?

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of these is responsible for our voluntary movements? Our involuntary movements?

A

Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the involuntary division (autonomic)?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which division is responsible for “rest and digest”? How about “fight or flight”?

A

Parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)

Sympathetic (“fight or flight”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 major cell types of the nervous system? What is the function of each cell type?

A

Neuroglia/Glial Cells - “nerve glue”; small cells that surround and wrap the delicate neurons while completing other important functions

Neurons - excitable nerve cells that respond to stimuli by changing their membrane potential and transmitting electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which type do we have more of in terms of quantity?

A

There’s way more glial cells, about 10 to 50 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the 4 main types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

Microglial Cells

Ependymal Cells

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Astrocyte -

What is each type shaped like? Where could you find it?

A
  • Shaped like sea anemones
  • Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries
19
Q

Microglial Cells -

What is each type shaped like? Where could you find it?

A
  • Small, ovoid
  • Migrate towards injured neurons
20
Q

Ependymal Cells -

What is each type shaped like? Where could you find it?

A
  • Range in shape from squamous to columnar
  • Line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal column
21
Q

Oligodendrocytes -

What is each type shaped like? Where could you find it?

A
  • Branched cells
  • Line up along thicker nerve fibers in the CNS and wrap their processes around to form insulating myelin sheaths
22
Q

Glioblastoma – the most common and aggressive type of primary brain cancer – typically develops in which type of neuroglial cell? In which lobes of the brain?

A

Astrocytes, frontal or temporal lobes

23
Q

List the 2 major neuroglial cells in the PNS. What is each of their functions?

A
24
Q

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed from _______________________.

A

Oligodendrocytes

25
Q

Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed from _______________________.

A

Schwann Cells

26
Q

What is the primary function of neurons? List the 3 special characteristics of neurons on slide 15. Think about what these characteristics tell us about the function of neurons.

A
27
Q

What are 2 functions of the cell body of a neuron?

A

metabolic sensor of neuron

synthesize membrane, proteins, chemicals

28
Q

An arm-like structure that extends from the cell body is called a: ________________.

A

Dendrites

29
Q

The CNS contains both ____________ and their _______________

A

Neuron cell bodies, processes

30
Q

The PNS contains mostly just __________________

A

Neuron processes

31
Q

Define tracts and nerves

A

Tracts - bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

Nerves - bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

32
Q

What are the 2 types of processes?

A

Dendrites and axons

33
Q

What is the function of dendrites? What is the functional importance of having many of them?

A

big surface area for receiving signals

34
Q

Anatomically, where does the axon start?

A

Axon hillock

35
Q

Branches of axons are called _________________________. The many branches at the end of axons are called _______________________.

A

Axon collaterals, terminals

36
Q

What’s the axolemma? What is its function?

A

The axolemma is the cell membrane surrounding the axon of a neuron. …..

37
Q

What is secreted from axon terminals? What is the function of neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters are secreted into the extracelluar space
Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit the neurons, muscles, or glands they contact

38
Q
  • Know that things can be transported along a neuron’s axon. What are the two directions of transport? Be familiar with a couple of things that are transported in each direction – especially think about the clinical connection provided in class!
A
39
Q

What is myelin? What is its functional importance? Are dendrites myelinated?

A

Many nerve fibers – especially those that are long or large in diameter are covered with myelin – a whiteish, protein-lipid substance

  • Functions of Myelin:
    ◦ Protect and electrically insulate the axon
    ◦ Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Dendrites are not myelinated

40
Q

Define the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm/ neurilemma.

A

peripheral bulge containing the nucleus and most of cytoplasm of the Schwann cell

41
Q

Do adjacent Schwann cells touch each other? What do we call the gaps between them?

A

Nah
The gaps are called Myelin Sheath Shells

42
Q

In the CNS, regions with dense collections of unmyelinated fibers are ____________ matter.

A

Grey

43
Q

Draw out multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neuron structure. Which of these is the most common?

A

Most common is multipolar neuron

44
Q

What structure are sensory neurons? Motor neurons? Interneurons

A

Sensory Neurons - Unipolar

Motor neurons - Multipolar

Interneuron - Multipolar

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions