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Anatomy > Gas Transport and Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Gas Transport and Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular O2 is carried in blood in 2 forms

A
  • 1.5% is dissolved in plasma
  • 98.5% is loosely bound to the Fe of Hemoglobin (Hgb) in RBCs
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2
Q

How many molecules of O2 can be carried per Hgb

A

4 molecules of O2

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3
Q

O2 is loaded/unloaded by changes in the shape of Hgb

A
  • As O2 binds, Hgb affinity for O2 increases - efficient loading
  • As O2 is released, Hgb affinity for O2 decreases - efficient unloading
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4
Q

a fully saturated Hgb molecule has how many heme groups bound to O2

A

4 heme groups

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5
Q

a partially saturated Hgb molecule has how many heme groups bound to O2

A

1-3 heme groups

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6
Q

the rate of loading/unloading is regulated by

A

pO2, temperature, blood pH, and pCO2

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7
Q

under normal, resting conditions arterial blood Hgb is how saturated

A

98%

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8
Q

under normal, resting condition venous blood Hgb is how saturated

A

75%

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9
Q

Venous Reserve

A

substantial amounts of O2, still available in venous blood

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10
Q

What does the amount of O2 carried by Hgb depends on

A

pO2

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11
Q

more O2 is present…

A

more O2 is bound to Hgb

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12
Q

Safety Margin

A

at a high pO2, Hgb stays almost fully saturated seven with a large change in pO2

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13
Q

Efficiency

A

at a low pO2, Hgb experiences sharp decreases In saturation with similar changes in pO2

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14
Q

active body cells produce about how much CO2/minute

A

200mL of CO2/minute

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15
Q

CO2 is transported in blood in 3 forms

A
  • 7-10% dissolved in plasma
  • 20% bound to globin of Hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 70% as bicarbonate ions in plasma
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16
Q

carbonic amhydrase

A

enzyme found in RBCs that catalyzes the reactions

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17
Q

exchange of CO2 slide 6+7

A
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18
Q

Bohr effect

A
  • O2 unloading from Hgb is enhanced by an increased pCO2
  • enhances O2 delivery where it is most needed

ex. an exercising thigh muscle

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19
Q

Haldane effect

A
  • CO2 unloading from Hgb is enhanced by and increased pO2
  • enhances CO2 delivery for expiration

ex. pulmonary circulation

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20
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

important for resisting shift in blood pH
- if H+ concentration increases, H+ is removed by forming H2CO3
- if H+ concentration decreases, H2CO3 dissociates into H+

21
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

slow, shallow breathing allows CO2 to accumulate – carbonic acid forms, and pH drops

22
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

rapid, deep breathing depletes CO2 - carbonic acid is reduced, and pH rises

23
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate delivery of O2 to the body’s tissues

symptom: cyanosis when Hbg saturation dips below 75%

24
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

too few RBCs or abnormal RBCs

25
Q

ischemia hypoxia

A

impaired/blocked blood circulation

26
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

body cells are unable to use delivered O2

27
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia

A

reduced arterial pO2

28
Q

CO poisoning

A

CO outcompetes O2 for heme binding sites

29
Q

Medulla Respiratory centers (2)

A
  1. Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
  2. Dorsal Respiratory group (DRG)
30
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

A
  • impulses for inspiration travel along the phrenic and intercostal nerves
  • eupneic respiratory rate of 12-16 breaths/minute
31
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Greoup (DRG)

A
  • integrates inputs from stretch and chemoreceptors and communications them to the VRG
32
Q

What determines the depth of ventilation?

A

the intensity of the stimulation to the inspiratory muscles

33
Q

chemoreceptors

A

receptors responding to chemical fluctuations in the blood - the amount of H+, CO2, O2

34
Q

what increases the rate + depth of respiration

A

a rise in CO2 triggers

35
Q

hyperventilation

A

an increase in the rate + depth of breathing - exceeds the body’s need to remove CO2

  • happens involuntarily during stress and anxiety
36
Q

what happens when we are hyperventilating

A
  • leads to reduced levels of CO2 in the blood and vascular constriction
37
Q

symptoms of hyperventilation

A

decreased perfusion, tingling/numbness, dizziness, fainting

38
Q

hypothalamic controls

A

strong emotions and pain send signals to the respiratory centers - responses are mediated though the limbic system and the hypothalamus

ex. gasping in shock, breath holding in anger, hyperventilation in excitement

39
Q

cortical controls

A

taking conscious control of respiratory rate - direct impulses from the cerebral motor cortex - medullary control are bypassed

ex. voluntary breath holding – the VRG will be automatically reinitiated when CO2 concentrations reach critical levels

40
Q

exercise

A
  • working muscles consume O2 and produce CO2
  • ventilation will increase 10-20 fold
41
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs

42
Q

high altitude

A
  • in increased altitudes, pO2 is lower
  • demands are met despite lower situation of arterial blood
43
Q

acute mountain sickness

A

headaches, SOB, nausea, dizziness

44
Q

Emphysema

A

permanent enlargement of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, use of accessory muscles, hyperinflation of the lungs

45
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

chronic and excessive mucus production, inflamed lower respiratory tract, obstructed airways, impaired ventilation

46
Q

dyspnea

A

labored breathing

47
Q

Asthma

A
  • short term or reversible COPD
    symptoms: coughing, dyspnea, wheezing and chest tightness
48
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

collapse of the upper airways, musculature of the pharynx relaxes during sleep

49
Q

central sleep apnea

A

reduced drive from the brain’s respiratory centers

Anatomy (7 decks)

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