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HARC > Muscles and movement > Flashcards

Muscles and movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is functional classification of joints based on?

A

Range of motion

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2
Q

Meaning of synarthrosis in functional joint classification?

A

fixed

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3
Q

Meaning of amphiarthrosis in functional joint classification?

A

slightly moveable

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4
Q

Meaning of diathrosis in functional joint classification?

A

freely moveable

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5
Q

What is structural joint classification based on?

A

Intervening type of tissue

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6
Q

What are the 3 structural classification groups?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous,synovial

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7
Q

What are the features of a primary / synchondrososis cartilaginous tissue joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage present.
Most of these joints are temporary joints allowing for growth.
Eg:
- Epiphyseal plates between the diaphysis and epiphysis of bones.
- In skull, between sphenoid and occipital bones on the base of the skull
- Between 1st rib and sternum

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8
Q

What are the features of a secondary / symphysis cartilaginous tissue joint?

A

Fibrocartilage present. These joints are found in the midline of the body.
Eg:
- Intervertebral joints between the bodies of the vertebrae.
- Manubriosternal joint between the body and manubrium of the sternum.
- Pubic symphysis between the pubic parts of hip bone.

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9
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

numerous types
at this joint, there is a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
majority of joints in the body
freely movable (can move in 1/2/many planes: uni-axial, bi-axial, multi-axial)
fibrous joint capsule and synovial membrane are collectively known as the articular capsule. This is important as lubricates the inside of the joint, because the synovial membrane secretes a fluid to coat the inside of the joint, ensuring smooth movement.

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10
Q

What are the 3 classifications of synovial joints based on number of articulations?

A

Simple = between two articular surfaces of bone; interphalangeal joints
Compound = between more than two surfaces of bone; elbow joint
Complex = between articular surfaces of bone and an intervening articular disc or meniscus; knee joint.

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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of synovial joints based on axes of articulations?

A

Uniaxial = one degree of freedom; elbow joint
Biaxial = 2 degrees of freedom; wrist joint
Multiaxial = 3 degrees of freedom; shoulder joint

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12
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe gliding/planar joints.

A

Have flattened or slightly curved surfaces, the surfaces slide across one another. (Multi-axial) - amount of movement is very slight, although rotation is theoretically possible at such joint, ligaments usually prevent of restrict such movement.

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13
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe hinge joints.

A

permits angular motion in a single plane. Can be compared to the opening and closing of a door. Normally have strong collateral ligaments which stabilise the joint while not restricting flexion and extension.

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14
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe pivot joints.

A

permits rotation eg - between C1 atlas and C2 axis

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15
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe ellipsoid/condyloid joints.

A

an oval articular faces nestles within a depression in an opposing surface. Angular motion occurs in two planes (bi-axial): along or across the length of the oval.

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16
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe saddle joints.

A

characterised by opposing articular surfaces with a reciprocal concave-convex shape. Angular motion occurs in two planes. Provides stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint.

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17
Q

Articular surface classification (synovial): describe ball and socket joints.

A

round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another. All combinations of angular and rotational movements, including circumduction, can be performed (multi-axial).

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18
Q

What is a fibrous capsule?

A

Outer layer of synovial joint
Blends with the periosteum (periosteum = membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap around bones)
Flexible to permit movement but has tensile strength to resist dislocation
Thickening of the capsule forms intrinsic (capsular) ligaments eg, collateral ligaments of the knee joint
Extrinsic (extracapsular) ligaments are separate from the joint capsule eg, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ~ Important in opening and closing the mouth

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19
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Covers all articular surfaces of the bone
In most joints it is a specialised layer of hyaline cartilage
The exceptions have fibrocartilage (TMJ is an example of this), the fibrocartilage helps create an upper and lower space within the joint, which is important in giving the joint a wider range of motion as well as a high level of stability.

20
Q

What is the synovial membrane and fluid?

A

The synovial membrane lines the fibrous capsule (together forms the articular capsule)
Synovial fluid is produced by synovial membrane
Serves to reduce friction

21
Q

What is the role of bursae and fat pads?

A

Bursae are small, fluid filled pockets. They form where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues.
Fat pads are condensed areas of fatty tissue located inside the joint capsule but outside of the synovial membrane.

22
Q

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle attachment to more stable bone
Stationary end of muscle during contraction

23
Q

What is the belly of skeletal muscle?

A

Thicker middle region of muscle
Covered in dense layer of collagen fibres
This separates muscle from surrounding tissues/organs, this is called epimysium
Within the muscle belly there are lots of muscle fascicles - these make up belly

Fascicles enclosed by connective tissue of perimysium
Perimysium contains blood vessels and nerves
Contain muscle fibres surrounded by endomysium
Myofibrils are responsible for muscle contraction

24
Q

What is the insertion of skeletal muscle?

A

Attachment of muscle on the more moveable bone / Mobile end of the muscle during contraction
Connected to the deep fascia
Epimysium encloses several muscle fasciculi

25
Q

What is the microscopic structure of skeletal muscles?

A

Cylindrical
Multinucleated
Striated
Packed with contractile proteins

26
Q

How does the size and shape of a skeletal muscle influence its capabilities?

A

The longer a muscle fibre, the greater range of movement it can generate
An increase in the number of muscle fibres increases the strength of contraction

27
Q

What are the 4 muscle shapes?

A

Fusiform = thick in middle, tapered at each end, eg, Biceps brachii
Parallel = Fairly uniform with parallel fascicles, eg, Rectus abdominis
Circular = Fibres arranged concentrically around an opening or recess, eg, Orbicularis oculi
Triangular = Fan-shaped, broad at one end, narrow at the other, eg, Pectoralis major

28
Q

What are the 3 types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate: all muscle fibres on same side of tendon
Bipennate: muscle fibres approach tendon from both sides
Multipennate: branching of tendon within a pennate muscle

29
Q

How does pennation lead to a greater force production?

A

greater cross sectional area

30
Q

Explain indirect skeletal muscle attatchment.

A

The muscle ends short of its bony destination and the bridge is gapped by a fibrous band or sheet called a tendon.
In some cases the tendon is a broad sheet called an aponeurosis

31
Q

Explain direct skeletal muscle attatchment.

A

Little separation between muscle and bone
To the naked eye, muscle tissue appears to emerge directly from bone. At the microscopic level the muscle fibres stop slightly short of the bone and the gap is spanned by collagen fibres.

32
Q

Function of cardiac muscle?

A

circulation of blood

33
Q

Explain the microscopic structure of cardiac muscle.

A

Straited
Shorter
Branched
Connected by intercalated discs
Centrally located nucleus

34
Q

Explain function of smooth muscle.

A

Most smooth muscle cells are not innervated by motor neurones
Those that are innervated are not under voluntary control. Eg, muscles in the iris
This may contract or relax in response to:
Chemicals
Hormones
Local O2 conc
Physical factors (stretching/irritation)

35
Q

Explain the arrangement of smooth muscle.

A

Arranged in sheets, bundles or sheaths
Cells bound together transmitting contractile forces
Smooth muscle tissue has a normal background level of activity, or smooth muscle tone.
Contract or relax slowly
Smooth muscle found throughout the gastrointestinal system

36
Q

Define agonist.

A

Contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

37
Q

Define antagonist.

A

Action opposes that of a particular agonist
Stretches but will not usually relax completely.

38
Q

Define synergist.

A

Aids agonist
Stabilise joint or start movement

39
Q

Define fixator

A

Prevents unwanted movement and stabilises joint

40
Q

Explain innervation of skeletal muscle.

A

Innervation is via nerve cells called somatic motor neurons
The cell bodies lie in the CNS and their axons lead to skeletal muscle.
Each axon branches within the perimysium to innervate numerous muscle fibres.

41
Q

Role of the NMJ?

A

Communication between the nervous system and a skeletal muscle fibre occurs at a specialised intercellular connection called a neuromuscular junction.

42
Q

Explain the role of a motor unit.

A

When a nerve signal approaches the end of an axon, it spreads out over all the terminal branches.
These muscle fibres then contract in unison
Since they behave as a functional unit, one nerve fibre and all the muscle fibres innervated by it are called a motor unit
The muscle fibres of a single motor unit are not clustered together but are dispersed throughout a muscle
Effective muscle contraction usually requires activation of numerous motor unit

43
Q

Explain small and large motor unit size.

A

Small motor unit
Motor neurone innervates a small number of muscle fibres
Precise, delicate control
Less powerful

Large motor unit
Motor neurone innervates a large number of muscle fibres
Coarse control
Powerful, high strength

44
Q

Explain the uses of small and large motor units in muscle contraction.

A

Contraction of a muscle begins with the activation of the smallest motor units
As the contraction increases, larger motor units containing faster and more powerful muscle fibres are activated
The tension produced rises steeply
This steady increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called recruitment.

45
Q

Define isometric

A

Muscle tension is equal to muscle resistance and the muscle remains the same length. This is really for stabilisation.

46
Q

Define concentric

A

Muscle tension exceeds resistance and the muscle shortens

47
Q

Define eccentric

A

Muscle tension is less than muscle resistance and the muscle lengthens

HARC (14 decks)

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