Bones and the skeleton 2 Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
Skull, rib cage, vertebral column
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
- Upper limbs, scapulae and clavicles
- Lower limbs and pelvis
How is the upper limb attached to the skeleton?
The clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade) attach the upper limb to the axial skeleton, forming the pectoral girdle.
What attaches the lower limb to the rest of the body?
Pelvis and sacrum
Which 3 bones form the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, pubis
What are the names of the sections of the vertebral column moving superior to inferior?
C1-C7 (Cervicial)
T1-T12 (Thoracic)
L1-L5 (Lumbar)
5 fused vertebrae in sacrum
3-5 fused vertebrae in coccyx
How many ‘normal’ curves are there in the vertebral column?
4
What are kyphotic curves?
Primary, present in foetus
What are lordotic curves?
Secondary, formed later
What is the function of the vertebral body?
Large part, bears most of the weight of the spine. Intervertebral discs sit above and below.
What is the function of the transverse process?
These stick out and are for muscle attachment in the thoracic region, ribs attach here.
What is the function of the spinous process?
Ligament and muscle attachment.
What is the function of the pedicle?
joins the body and transverse process
What is the function of the lamina?
joins transverse process with spinous process
What is the function of the articular facet?
joins with next vertebrae above/below in the chain
What is the function of the vertebral foramen?
where spinal cord is passing
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
Which ribs are true ribs, and why?
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (as costal cartilage directly joins sternum)
Which ribs are false ribs, why?
Ribs 8-12 are false ribs
8-10 their cartilage merges and joins the sternum as one
11&12 floating ribs, as do not join sternum.
How many separate bones composes the skull?
22
What 2 sections is the skull split into?
Neurocranim - houses the brain
Viscerocranium - face
What is the feature of the temporal bone?
Mastoid process & styloid process muscles attach here
What is the feature of the occipital bone?
Foramen magnum (large hole) for the spinal cord. Occipital condyles articulate with C1 (atlas) vertebra.
What is the feature of the mandible?
The mental foramen in mandible is where nerve and blood vessels pass through.
What are sutures?
Sutures - the multiple separate bones of the skull are joined together by sutures, allows a tight joint with little movement.
What are the 3 main sutures of the skull?
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Lambdoid suture
What are fontanelles?
These are bones not yet fused (no sutures) in babies/young children, bones are mobile.
Fontanelles - where bones meet ‘soft spot’
