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Medical Science > Muscles and Bones > Flashcards

Muscles and Bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscles

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2
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bones

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3
Q

Fibromyalgia (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Disorder causing widespread muscle pain
  2. Sx- muscle pain, fatigue, issues with sleep or mood
  3. Dx- Diagnosed based on symptoms
  4. Rx- medication and pt to reduce symptoms
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4
Q

Polymyositis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Inflammatory muscle disease
  2. Sx- muscle weakness, muscle pain
  3. Dx- EMG, muscle biopsy, blood test to r/o other conditions
  4. Rx- steroids, immunosuppresant drugs, pt to reduce symptoms
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5
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Genetic condition that affects connective tissue
  2. Sx- Disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers; heart murmurs, abnormally curved spine. Can cause CV, eye, and skeletal complications
  3. Dx- EKG, CT, or MRI of the heart, eye test, genetic testing
  4. Rx- medication to lower bp, surgery
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6
Q

Sprains (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Torn ligament (connects bones)
  2. Sx- pain, swelling, bruising, restricted movement
  3. Dx- physical exam, MRI
  4. Rx- rest, ice, compression, elevation
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7
Q

Shin Splints (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Inflammation from excessive force on the tibia and the muscles surrounding it.
  2. Sx- pain on either side of the tibia, tenderness, mild swelling
  3. Dx- physical exam
  4. Rx- ice, elevation, NSAIDs, rest from physical activity
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8
Q

Rotator Cuff Tear (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Tear in the tendons of the shoulder joint
  2. Sx- shoulder pain, weakness when lifting arm
  3. Dx- physical exam, MRI or ultrasound
  4. Rx- rest, ice, pt, could need surgery
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9
Q

Muscular Dystrophy (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Group of genetic disorders causing progressive loss of muscle mass
  2. Sx- muscle pain, muscle weakness, walking abnormality, learning disability
  3. Dx- Blood tests, EMG, muscle biopsy, EKG, MRI
  4. Rx- pt, ot, speech therapy or medication to manage symptoms
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10
Q

Arthritis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Inflammation of the joints. Osteoarthritis- degenerative condition, rheumatoid- autoimmune condition
  2. Sx- joint pain and stiffness, swelling
  3. Dx- physical exam, blood test, X rays
  4. Rx- anti inflammatory drugs, other medications, pt, surgery
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11
Q

Bursitis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Inflammation of the fluid filled pads that cushion the joints
  2. Sx- affected joint feels achy, stiff, or hurts to move or press on. Looks swollen and red
  3. Dx- X Ray, MRI, blood test, fluid aspiration to rule out other causes
  4. Rx- Anti inflammatory drugs
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12
Q

Kyphosis

A

Forward curve of the spine

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13
Q

Scoliosis

A

Sideways curve of the spine

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14
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curving of the lower spine

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15
Q

Causes and Rx of diseases of the spine

A
  1. Mostly unknown, but could be caused by genetics, birth defects, or neuromuscular conditions
  2. pt, surgery, brace
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16
Q

Lyme Disease (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Bacteria transmitted by a tick
  2. Sx- target shaped rash, fever, fatigue, body aches
  3. Dx- Blood tests to test for antibodies
  4. Rx- antibiotics
17
Q

Osteomyelitis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Infection of the bone typically caused by staph bacteria
  2. Sx- tenderness, redness, swelling, fever, nausea
  3. Dx- x rays, blood tests, MRI, bone biopsy
  4. Rx- Typically antibiotics, surgery for more serious cases
18
Q

Gout (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Form of arthritis caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream
  2. Sx- severe pain, redness, and swelling in the joints, especially the big toe
  3. Dx- joint fluid test, blood test, CT to rule out other conditions
  4. Rx- NSAIDs or corticosteroids
19
Q

Paget’s Disease/Osteitis Deformans (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Enlarged, deformed bones
  2. Sx- bone pain, headaches, hearing loss, hip pain, pressure on nerves
  3. Dx- X rays, alkaline phosphate test, bone scan
  4. Rx- medications such as bisphosphonates or calcitonin, NSAIDs, surgery
20
Q

Osteoporosis (Sx, Dx, Rx)

A
  1. Reduced density and quality of bone
  2. Sx- back pain, loss of height, stooped posture, bone fractures that occur easily
  3. Dx- CT, bone density scan
  4. Rx- calcium, Vitamin D, exercise
21
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System (5)

A
  1. Support the body and provide a framework
  2. Protection- protect delicate enclosed structures such as the brain or heart
  3. Movement- muscles pull on bones to cause movement
  4. Storage- store calcium to maintain homeostasis
  5. Hemopoiesis- RBC formation in bone marrow
22
Q

Types of bones (4)

A
  1. Long- humerus
  2. Short- carpals
  3. Flat- frontal (skull)
  4. Irregular- vertebrae
23
Q

Difference between a male and female skeleton

A
  1. Size- male is generally larger
  2. Shape of pelvis- male pelvis deep and narrow, female pelvis shallow and broad
  3. Size of pelvic inlet- female pelvic inlet generally wider to allow a baby to pass through
  4. Pubic angle- a female’s is 90 degrees or greater
24
Q

Types of fractures (5)

A
  1. Greenstick- bone bends then breaks
  2. Spiral- occurs due to rotational or twisting force
  3. Comminuted- bone breaks into more than 2 fragments
  4. Transverse- break is perpendicular to long plane of the bone
  5. Compound- bone breaks through the skin
25
Q

Types of muscle tissue (3)

A
  1. Skeletal/voluntary- crosswise stripes (striated) under microscope. Contractions can be controlled.
  2. Cardiac muscle- composes heart, involuntary, characterized by dark bands (intercalated disks)
  3. Smooth muscle- smooth (no striations) under a microscope, involuntary, found in walls of hollow structures like blood vessels
26
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A
  1. Each is an organ composed of skeletal muscle cells and connective tissue, extend from one bone across a joint to another bone
27
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone, some are enclosed in synovial lined tubes and lubricated by synovial fluid (tendon sheaths)

28
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle (2)

A
  1. Movement- insert to bones on other side of joints

2. Heat production- maintain body temperature by shivering to produce heat

29
Q

Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Regular exercise improves muscle tone and posture and improves heart and lung function
  2. Strength training- increases number of myofilaments in each muscle fiber, increasing muscle size (hypertrophy)
  3. Endurance training- more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients due to increased blood flow, but doesn’t usually result in muscular hypertrophy.
30
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, spine, and chest

31
Q

Apendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of upper and lower extremities

32
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Increases the tension in the muscle but does not shorten it, no movement results, like pushing on a wall. Can cause the muscles to grow stronger.

Medical Science (8 decks)

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