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Medical Science > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Health

A

Physical, mental, and social well being

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2
Q

Disease

A

An abnormality in body function that threatens health

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3
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the factors that cause disease

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4
Q

Idiopathic

A

Refers to a disease with no known cause

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5
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Pattern of a disease’s development

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of transmission of disease in humans

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7
Q

Endemic

A

Native to a specific region

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8
Q

Epidemic

A

Affects many people at the same time

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9
Q

Pandemics

A

Widespread, usually worldwide

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10
Q

Mechanisms of disease transmission (4)

A
  1. Person to person contact
    Can be prevented by education or aseptic technique
  2. Environmental contact
    Can be prevented by avoiding contact or by practicing safe sanitation
  3. Opportunistic invasion
    Can be prevented by avoiding changes in skin/muscle membranes or by cleansing wounds
  4. Transmission by a vector
    Can be prevented by reducing population of or contact with vectors
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11
Q

Vector

A

Living things that spread disease

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12
Q

Other prevention and treatment strategies (2)

A
  1. Vaccination
    Stimulates immunity
  2. Chemicals
    Destroy or inhibit pathogens. Ex: antibiotics or natural compounds
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13
Q

Antibiotics

A

Natural compounds derived from living organisms that kill bacteria

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14
Q

Factors that play a role in the spread of disease (5)

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Age
  3. Gender
  4. Sanitation practices
  5. Socioeconomic conditions
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15
Q

Risk factors of disease (6)

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Age
  3. Lifestyle
  4. Stress
  5. Environment
  6. Preexisting conditions
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16
Q

Microbes and examples

A

Living organisms: bacteria, fungi, Protozoa

17
Q

Nonliving particles (2)

A

Viruses and prions

18
Q

What are viruses

A
  1. Have DNA/RNA core and covered by a protein coat
  2. Have genetic code and multiply
  3. Invade cells and insert their own genetic code into the cells’ genetic code and use the cells’ nutrients and organelles to produce more virus cells
19
Q

RNA

A

Messenger for DNA controlling synthesis of proteins

20
Q

Examples of viruses

A

DNA- HPV and hepatitis

RNA- HIV and flu

21
Q

What are prions

A
  1. Protein molecules that convert normal proteins into abnormal proteins, causing abnormality of function
  2. Can be inherited in offspring of infected person or transmitted through food
  3. No treatment
  4. Example: mad cow disease
22
Q

Emerging vs reemerging diseases

A

Emerging- new disease

Reemerging- older disease that has come back recently

23
Q

How to find attack rates

A

Sick people/total number of people

24
Q

What are antibodies

A
  1. Indicate the presence or former presence of a virus or other foreign particles
  2. Proteins created to recognize a specific structure on an invading particle (antigen). Attach to antigens, creating antigen-antibody complexes that signal the immune system to destroy the particle
25
Q

How does antibody testing work

A
  1. Blood test
  2. Certain types of antibodies indicate recent exposure to the infection or past exposure
  3. Antibodies will clump in the blood
26
Q

What are fungi

A
  1. Similar to plants but have no chlorophyll to make their own food, so have to become parasites in organisms near skin or mucous membranes
27
Q

Types of fungi (2)

A
  1. Yeasts- small, single celled fungi

2. Molds- large and multicellular

28
Q

Examples of fungal infections

A
  1. Pneumonia and yeast infections

2. Fungal/myotic infections often resist treatment

29
Q

What is a protozoa

A
  1. One celled organisms, larger than bacteria, DNA organized in a nucleus
  2. Infect human fluids, cause disease by parasitizing or destroying cells
  3. Use extensions or extended membranes to move
30
Q

Types of Protozoa (4)

A
  1. Amoebas ex: diarrhea
  2. Flagellas ex: UTI
  3. Ciliates ex: GI disturbances
  4. Sporozoa ex: malaria
31
Q

What are bacteria

A
  1. Small cell without a nucleus
  2. Cause disease by secreting toxic substances that damage tissues, become parasites in cells, or form colonies to disrupt function
  3. Function- some need oxygen for metabolism (aerobic), some don’t (anaerobic)
32
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A 
1. Cocci
Round bacteria
Strepto- chain of round bacteria, strep throat
Staphylo- cluster, food poisoning
Diplo- cluster of two, pneumonia
2. Bacilli 
Rectangular/pill shape, anthrax, tetanus
Strepto- chain, rat bite fever
3. Spiral
Spiral/curved shape 
Cholera- single, RBF- corkscrew, syphilis- spiral
33
Q

Gram positive vs gram negative bacteria

A
  1. Due to difference in structure of cell wall. += more peptidoglycan
    • stains purple, - stains red/pink
  3. Some antibiotics only treat gram positive or gram negative bacteria
34
Q

Narrow vs broad range antibiotic

A
  1. Broad spectrum can treat both gram + and gram - bacteria
  2. Types of antibiotics
    Erythromycin- BS
    Neomycin- BS, best for G+ bacilli
    Penicillin- BS, best for G+
    Streptomycin- NS, G- bacilli
    Tetracycline- BS
35
Q

Culture and sensitivity test

A
  1. Create spread plate
  2. Use antibiotic disc, if bacteria is sensitive the bacteria will grow around it or it will be surrounded by dead bacteria
  3. Control disc on other side
36
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Caused by overuse/misuse of antibiotics

2. Scientists are working to create new treatments

Medical Science (8 decks)

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