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Science for Medicine > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

On muscle contraction

A

H zone reduced (bw actin fillaments)
A band unchanged (myosin fillament)
I zone reduced (bw myosin fillaments)

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2
Q

Transverse Tubule

A

Propagates muscle action potential

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3
Q

Ca2+ released from?

A

Lateral Sac of Sarcoplasmic Rediculum

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4
Q

MOTOR UNIT?

A

MOTOR NEURONS + MUSCLE FIBRES

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5
Q

TENSION

A

FORCE EXERTED BY MUSCLE

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6
Q

LOAD

A

FORCE EXERTED ON MUSCLE

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7
Q

ISOMETRIC

A

CONTRACTION WITH CONSTANT LENGTH (WEIGHTLIFTING)
SHORTER LATENT PERIOD
LONGER CONTRACTION EVENT

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8
Q

ISOTONIC

A

CONTRACTION WITH SHORTENING LENGTH (RUNNING)

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9
Q

LENGHTENING

A

CONTRACTION WITH INCREASING LENGTH (SITTING DOWN)

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10
Q

LATENT PERIOD

A

TIME BEFORE EXCITATION CONTRACTION STARTS

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11
Q

AS LOAD INCREASES CONTRACTION VELOCITY AND DISTANCE SHORTENED?

A

DECREASES

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12
Q

OPTIMAL LENGTH

A

MUSCLE LENGTH FOR GREATER ISOMETRIC TENSION

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13
Q

FACTORS CAUSING FATIGUE

A

HIGH K+ - CONDUCTION FAILURE, DEPOLARISATION?
HIGH LACTIC ACID - ACIDIFIES PROTEINS
HIGH ADP + P - DELAYS MYOSIN DETACHMENT FROM ACTIN (INHIBITS X-BRIDGE CYCLE)

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14
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling.

A

An action potential in the skeletal muscle cell is what triggers muscle cell contraction through the action of calcium ions being released from sarcoplasmic rediculum.

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15
Q

FAST TWITCH

A

MYOSIN HAS HIGH ATPase ACTIVITY

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16
Q

SLOW TWITCH

A

MYOSIN HAS LOW ATPase ACTIVITY

17
Q

OXIDATIVE

A

HIGH MITOCHONDRIA - HIGH OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ETC)
HIGH VASCULARISATION TO DELIVER MORE O2 AND NUTRIENTS
CONTAINS MYOGLOBIN FOR HIGH 02 DELIVERY
RED FIBRES WITH LOW DIAMETERS

18
Q

GLYCOLYTIC

A

FEW MITOCHONDRIA
HIGH GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES AND GLYCOGEN
LOWER BLOOD SUPPLY
WHITE FIBRES WITH LARGE DIAMETERS

19
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBRES?

A 
SLOW OXIDATIVE (I) - RESIST FATIGUE
FAST OXIDATIVE (IIa) - INTERMEDIATE RESIST FATIGUE
FAST GLYCOLYTIC (IIb) - FATIGUE QUICKLY
20
Q

NEURAL CONTROL DEPENDS ON?

A

FREQUENCY OF APs TO MOTOR UNITS

RECRUITMENT OF MOTOR UNITS

21
Q

DENERVATION ATROPHY

A

DESTROY NERVE/NMJ

22
Q

DISUSE ATROPHY

A

MUSCLE NOT USED

23
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE

A 
NO STRIATIONS 
SPINDLE SHAPED
MONONUCLEATE
INNERVATED BY ANS NOT SOMATIC NS
IN HOLLOW ORGANS 
X-BRIDGE CYCLE THAT USES Ca2+
FILAMENTS ARRANGED DIAGONALLY ACROSS CELLS AND ARE ANCHORED TO MEMBRANES AND CELL STRUCTURES BY DENSE BODIES (Z-LINES)
24
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE X-BRIDGE CYCLE ACTIVATION

A

INCREASE Ca2+
Ca2+ BINDS CALMODULIN
Ca2+ - CALMOLDULIN BINDS TO MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE
KINASE PHOSPHORYLATES MYOSIN X-BRIDGES WITH ATP
PHOSPHORYLATES X-BRIDGES BIND TO ACTIN
CONTRACTION + TENSION
CONTRACTION IS GRADED DEPENDING ON AP THAT REACH THE CELLS
ONLY SOME SITES ACTIVATED BUT
CONSTANT TENTION LEVEL

25
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION

A

MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN PHOSPHATASE - DEPHOSPHORYLATES X BRIDGES

26
Q

*PERSISTENT STIMULATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE?

A

PHOSPHORYLATED X-BRIDGES MAY BE DEPHOSPHORYLATED WHEN STILL BOUND TO ACTIN?
DECREASES RATE ATP SPLITTING
SLOW X-BRIDGE CYCLE
MAINTAIN TENSION FOR LONGER WITH LESS ATP
USEFUL FOR BLOOD VESSEL WALLS THAT STAY OPEN FOR LONG PERIODS

27
Q

SMOOTH MUSCLE Ca2+

A

LESS SR IN SMOOTH MUSCLE, NO T-TUBULES

EXTRACELLULAR Ca2+ through voltage activated Ca2+ channels

28
Q

Factors affecting contractile activity?

A

Dynamic balance of all the following:
Pacemaker activity
Autonomic Neurotransmiters from varicosities (end points)
Hormones (e.g. oxytocin)
Local factors control relaxation
(paracrine agents, pH, O2, osmolarity, ions, NO)
Stretch (stretch stimulates further contraction harder)

29
Q

Single Unit smooth muscle

A 
(GIT, uterus, small blood vessels)
Many cells linked by gap junctions
Signals travel between cells
Contract synchronously
May contain pacemaker cells
Stretch evokes contraction
30
Q

Multiunit smooth muscle

A

(airways, large arteries, hairs)
Few or no gap junctions
Richly innervated by ANS
Don’t respond to stretch

Science for Medicine (9 decks)

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