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Science for Medicine > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Omega 3

a- linoleic Acid

A

Fatty Acid
Substrate of Linoleic Acid
Lowers plasma Cholesterol - prevents atherosclerosis
Lowers Tag - reduces inflammation

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2
Q

Glycolipids

A

Myelination of Nerve Tissues

Source of Blood Group Antigens

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3
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Inflammation mediators

Cause increased blood flow and chemotaxis

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4
Q

Fatty Acid Deficiencies
Chronic Intestinal Diseases
Depression
ADHD

A

Alters Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lower Omega 3 levels

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5
Q

Unsaturated FA

A

Myelination

Hormone Production

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6
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

A

Mutated LDL receptor gene

High levels of LDLs and cholesterol in blood

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7
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Structural function

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8
Q

Bile Salts

A

Derivatives of Cholesterol

Form Emulsions and mixed micelles of long chain FA

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9
Q

TAG, Cholesterol esters, Phospholipids are too big to be taken up by mucosal cells in intestinal villi so it is broken down in, to and by?

A 
Some in Mouth and Stomach but mostly Small Intestine
Pancreatic Enzymes
Monoacylglycerol + 2fatty acids
Cholesterol + FA
Lysophospolipid + FA
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10
Q

Steatorrhea in Cystic Fibrosis patients due to thickened secretions

A

Excess Fat in Faeces

Lipid Malabsorption due to defects in bile secretion, pancreatic function or intestinal cell uptake

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11
Q

LDL

HDL

A

Carries lipids through the blood between tissues

Removes free cholesterol from these tissues and carries it to the liver

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12
Q

VLDL

A

TAG from liver to tissues

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13
Q

Chylomicrons

A

TAG, PL, CE From Intestine to Tissues
Cholesterol
Apolipoproteins apoB-48

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14
Q

Steroids

Eg and Function

A

Cholesterol

Decrease Membrane Fluidity

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15
Q

Lipid Digestion

A

1) Bile Salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles.
2) Intestinal Lipases degrade triacylglycerols
3) FA taken by mucosa and converted into triacylglycerols
4) TAG are incorporated into chylomicrons
5) Chylomicrons move though the lymphatic system and bloodstream
6) Lipoprotein lipase, activated by apoC-II in the capillary (TAG ->FA + Glycerols)
7) FA enters cells
8) FA are oxidised as fuel or reesterified for storage

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16
Q

Albumin

A

Carries the free unesterified FA that leaves the adipose tissue.

17
Q

Malonyl CoA Made? Inhibits?

A

Made from Lysine/Methione in Liver/Kidney
Carnitine Fatty acyl-transferase
Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase
Prevents degradation and synthesis occurring simultaneously

18
Q

B-Oxidation pathway

A

Degrades 2C at a time from a FA
produces acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix

19
Q

Transport of FA

A

Carnitine Shuttle
FA -> Fatty Acyl CoA Activation In Cytosol
2 ATP are used to produce Palmitoyl (FAcyl) CoA
Fatty Acyl Tranferase
Carnitine + FA
Carnitine palmitoyl Tranferase
Mitochondrial Matrix

20
Q

FA Degradation

A 
B-Oxidation 
Dehydrogenation FAD - FADH2
Hydration
Dehydrogenation NAD+ - NADH
Thiolysis produces 1 acetyl CoA per cycle
21
Q

Palmitate

7 B-Oxidations Produce?

A

16 Carbon mol

8 Acetyl CoA, 7FADH2, 7NADH

22
Q

FADH2
NADH
Acetyl CoA
How many ATP do they produce?

A

2ATP
3ATP
12ATP

23
Q

Peroxisome Function

A

B-Oxidation of Very Long Chain FA >22C

First step doesn’t produce FADH2

24
Q

Can you convert acetyl CoA into Glucose?

A

No since pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a thermodynamically irreversible step

25
Q

Excess Acetyl CoA Forms, Inhibits, Activates?

A

Forms Ketone Bodies
INHIBITS pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate-Acetyl CoA)
ACTIVATES pyruvate carboxylase (oxaloacetate-Pyruvate)

26
Q

Excess Acetyl CoA Forms, Inhibits, Activates?

A

Forms Ketone Bodies
INHIBITS pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate-Acetyl CoA) so less Acetyl CoA froms
ACTIVATES pyruvate carboxylase (Pyruvate-oxaloacetate) which enters gluconeogenesis

27
Q

Ketone Bodies Produced?

Soluble?

A

Ketogenesis In liver but used by peripheral tissues
Excess Glycolysis, Fat Oxidation, Amino Acid Catabolism
Are Soluble! Do not need Albumin or Lipoprotein to transport them

28
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis Occurs?

A

In Cytosol of Liver, Lactating mammary gland and Adipose Tissue from acetyl CoA in mitochondria
Lipogenesis from excess Carbs and Proteins components that form CoA

29
Q

Carnitine shuttle

Citrate shuttle

A

Fatty Acyl CoA from Cytosol to Matrix

Acetyl CoA from Matrix to Cytosol

30
Q

Enzymes used in FA Synthesis?

A 
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase forms Malonyl CoA from Acetyl CoA Activation Step
FA Synthase (multifunctional protein enzyme)
31
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase that is essential in cholesterol synthesis
Lower LDL
Lower the risk of developing cardiovascular disease
Precursors of postaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
Signal molecules deriving from Omega 3/6
Short Half life

32
Q

Eicosanoids Regulate

A

Inflammatory response (joints, skin, eyes)
Pain & fever (Prostaglandins)
Many reproductive functions (e.g. labour induction) & menstrual cramps
Blood pressure regulation (prostacyclin)
Blood clotting induction (thromboxanes)
Sleep/wake cycle

Science for Medicine (9 decks)

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