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HBB > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different connective tissue sheaths of muscles?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium and Fascicles
  3. Endomysium
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2
Q

Define the term ‘Epimysium’

A

Epimysium means the outside muscle. It is an overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle.

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3
Q

Define the terms ‘Perimysium’ and ‘Fascicles’

A

Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibres are grouped into fascicles, which resemble a bundle of sticks. A layer of fibrous connective tissue, called the Perimysium, surrounds the fascicles.

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4
Q

Define the term ‘Endomysium’

A

The Endomysium is a wispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fibre. It consists of fine areolar tissue.

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5
Q

Define the term ‘Sarcoplasm’

A

Is the cytoplasm (material within a cell excluding the nucleus of a muscle cell). It contains unusually large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin.

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6
Q

Define Myofibrils

A

A single muscle fibre (fascicle), containing heaps of Myofibrils that can run parallel to its length. Myofibrils contain the contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells: Sarcomeres. They in turn contain even smaller rod like structures called myofilaments.

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7
Q

Circular Muscle Fibre

A

This type of muscle surrounds openings in our body like the mouth. When they contract, they close the opening. Another word for this muscle is a sphincter.

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8
Q

Convergent Muscle Fibre

A

All muscle fibres and vesicles originate in a broad area and converge onto a single single insertion. So when a muscle fibre contracts, they all pull at a specific point. Eg. Pectoral is Major.

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9
Q

Parallel Muscle Fibre

A

All fibres and vesicles are arranged in a parallel direction to each other. Straight from point of origin to insertion. Can contract a lot but not strong. Eg. Sartorius in your thigh.

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10
Q

Fusiform muscle fibre

A

Has a larger middle part. This allows for it to produce more power than a simple parallel muscle fibre. Eg. Biceps Branchii

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11
Q

Uni-pennate Muscle Fibre

A

This muscle fibre resembles half a feather. It cannot contract much but has a lot of power as it has more muscle fibres.

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12
Q

Bi-pennate Muscle Fibre

A

Looks like a two feather together. Produces a lot of power. Eg. Rectus Femoris (Thigh).

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13
Q

Multi-pennate muscle fibre

A

Resembles a bunch of feathers connected at one point. Multiple tendons and vasicles which connect together in one muscle. Massive power. Eg. Deltoid.

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14
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  1. Smooth Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Skeletal Muscle
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15
Q

Striations

A

The columns of light and dark that you see in a skeletal muscle. Contain A bands and I bands.

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16
Q

A Band

A

The dark columns in striations. Contains proteins Actin and Myosin.

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17
Q

I Bands

A

The light columns in striations. Only contains the protein Actin.

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18
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a Myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band.

19
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Highly Cellular.
  2. Highly Vascular.
  3. Contractile.
  4. Excitability/Responsiveness.
  5. Extensibility.
  6. Elasticity.
20
Q

In what ways can muscles attach to bones?

A

Direct and Indirect attachments.

21
Q

What is a direct attachment?

A

A direct attachment would include the Epimysium directly attaching to the bone.

22
Q

What is an indirect attachment?

A

An indirect attachment or fleshy attachment is fused to the perichondrium of a cartilage

23
Q

What are Myofibrils?

A

A single muscle fibre (fascicle) contains heaps of Myofibrils that run parallel to its length.

24
Q

What are Sarcomeres?

A

The are the contractile elements of a skeletal muscle cell. Contained inside Myofibrils.

25
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Smaller rod like structures inside Sarcomeres.

26
Q

What are striations?

A

A repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands.

27
Q

What influences the force of a muscle contraction?

A
  1. Number of muscle fibres stimulated: More the better.
  2. Size of muscle fibre: More cross sectional area equals more strength.
  3. Frequency of stimulation: More the better.
28
Q

Define muscle contraction

A

It is an active process of generating force.

29
Q

Define muscle tone

A

It keeps muscles firm. A slight contraction in response to reflex activity.

30
Q

Define Muscle Tension

A
  • Active tension produced in the muscle belly.

- Passive tension due to stretching of connective tissues.

31
Q

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

A
  1. Dynamic Concentric
  2. Dynamic Eccentric
  3. Static/Isometric
32
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

A contraction that causes the muscle to shorten to generate force.

33
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Tension that the muscle had while lengthening to overcome resistance. Negative phase of a nicer curl.

34
Q

What is a static contraction?

A

Occurs when the muscle develops tension to overcome a resistance but without any change in length.

35
Q

What are the four fictional groups for muscles?

A
  1. Prime Mover or Agonist.
  2. Antagonists.
  3. Synergists
  4. Fixators
36
Q

Define Prime Mover or Agonist

A

The muscle that holds the major responsibility for producing a specific movement. Eg, Pectoralis Major (inserts on humerus).

37
Q

Define the term Antagonist

A

Muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement. Prime movers and antagonists are located on opposite sides of the joint across which they act.

38
Q

Define Synergists

A

They help prime movers in two ways:

  1. Adding extra force to the same movement.
  2. Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movements that may occur as the prime mover contracts.
39
Q

Define Fixators

A

A synergist that immobilises a bone or a muscle’s origin so that the prime mover has a stable base.

40
Q

What is the origin of the muscle?

A

The muscle’s origin is attached to the immovable, or less movable bone.

41
Q

What is the insertion of the muscle!

A

The other end, the insertion, is attached to the movable bone.

42
Q

What is an open chained movement?

A

The origin is fixed and the insertion moves.

43
Q

What is a close chained movement?

A

The origin moves but the insertion is fixed.

44
Q

What are the four functional groups of muscles?

A
  1. Agonist
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixators

HBB (9 decks)

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