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biology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structure of muscles (biggest to smallest structure)

A

muscle- muscle fibre- myofibril- myofilament (actin and myosin

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2
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cells

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3
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

where calcium ions are stored and released

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4
Q

multinucleate definition

A

multiple nucleus

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5
Q

myofibrils

A

long cylindrical organelles that consist of actin and myosin

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6
Q

thick myofibril and its appearance under a microscope

A

myosin, dark

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7
Q

thin myofibril and its appearance under a microscope

A

actin, light

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8
Q

a band

A

only myosin

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9
Q

h zone

A

middle part where there is no actin

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10
Q

I band

A

part where there is no myosin

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11
Q

sarcomere

A

region between 2 z lines

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12
Q

what happens to the bands/ zones when sarcomeres contract

A

h zone gets smaller, i band gets smaller, a band stays the same length

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13
Q

Sliding Filament theory- Stimulation

A

action potential arrives, depolarises sarcolemma and SER this causes calcium ions to be released, they bind to troponin, this causes a shape change, the tropomyosin that’s blocking the actin myosin binding site moves

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14
Q

Sliding Filament theory- Attachment

A

myosin head binds to the actin myosin binding site forming a cross bridge, this causes a power stroke- the actin filament slides over the myosin, ADP is removed from the myosin head

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15
Q

Sliding Filament theory- Detachment

A

Fresh ATP binds to the myosin head removing it from the binding site. ATPase then breaks down the ATP into ADP+ Pi and this returns the myosin head to its original place.

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16
Q

What happens when calcium isn’t bound to troponin

A

it moves by active transport into the SER. tropomyosin blocks the binding site. sarcomeres lengthen

17
Q

Energy generated for muscle contraction by ATP:

A

ATP made during oxidative phosphorylation, needs oxygen

18
Q

Energy generated for muscle contraction by Anerobic respiration:

A

ATP made by glycolysis- pyruvate also made which is converted into lactate which builds up in muscles and causes fatigue.

19
Q

Energy generated for muscle contraction by ATP Creatine phosphate system

A

ADP + CP = ATP + C
Generates ATP very quick however CP runs out very fast.
Its alactic and anaerobic

20
Q

Define Alactic

A

doesn’t produce lactate

biology (12 decks)

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