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biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Everything inside a cell

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2
Q

Maginification equation

A

I AM

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3
Q

Magnification definition

A

How many times bigger an object appears than in real life

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4
Q

Resolution definition

A

The ability to distinguish 2 adjacent objects next to each other

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5
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses lights to see large organelles, max magnification x1500 but has low resolution and low magnification

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6
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Fires a beam of electrons through thin specimens, helps to visualise very small organelles inside a thin sample

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7
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Scans a focussed beam of electrons over a surface to create a 3D image
Max res= 10nm
Max mag= x100,000

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8
Q

Laser scanning confocal microscope

A

Used on Thick samples of tissues that’s been stained with fluorescent dyes, shows organelles at different depths and layers

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9
Q

Sectioning and problems

A

Sample cut and preserved in wax

Problems= the cut could b too thick/ thin and not representative of a real cell

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10
Q

Staining and problems

A

Coloured chemicals that bind to certain pads of cells. Too much stain distorts image

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11
Q

Features of eukaryotic cells

A

Organelles are membrane bound, have a proper nucleus

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12
Q

Function of internal membranes

A

Sort and compartmentalise contents of a cell into organelles increasing efficiency

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin- DNA wrapped around histone proteins and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contains nuclear pores

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces RNA and ribosomes which are passed thru nucl envelope and nucl pore to the ER

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15
Q

RER

A

Studded w ribosomes for protein synthesis

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16
Q

SER

A

Continuous with RER lacks ribosomes and is for lipid synthesis

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of membrane bound sacs called cisternae receives proteins from ER thru transition vesicles and MODIFIES and PACKAGES them into secretion vesicles- exocytosis

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18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes- lysozyme which breaks down material

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membraned, site of aerobic respiration

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20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Membrane bound, maintains cell stability by pushing the cytoplasm against the membrane (turgid), filled w water/ sap

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21
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Found in all cells, controls the entrance/ exit of molecules

22
Q

Cell wall

A

Extra cellular provides support. Cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi/ protoctista

23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Not membrane bound, some free in cytoplasm others are bound to ER, made up of rRNA and proteins, site if protein synthesis

24
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton

A

Network of microfillaments and microtubules

25
Q

What are microfillaments

A

Strands of actin that act as tracks for things to move in cells

26
Q

What is microtubules

A

Hollow protein tubes

27
Q

What are Centrioles

A

Made of microtubules arranged in 9 TRIPLETS to form a cylinder and found in pairs near the nucleus helps during cell division

28
Q

Function of Microfilaments

A

Give cell shape, anchor organelles, resist tension

29
Q

Function of Microtubules

A

Move organelles

30
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Structural support for animal cells shape, moves components within the cells, allows transport of vesicles and molecules around the cell, cell division- pulls daughter chromosomes to opposite poles, allows cilia, flagella and sperm to move

31
Q

Structure and function of cilia

A

Hair like structures that wave back and forth only in eukaryotic cells

32
Q

Function of flagella

A

Whip back and forth to create a propeller like motion only in prokaryotic cells

33
Q

Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A
  • smaller than eukaryotes
  • both have ribosomes, prokaryotes are smaller not attached to any membranes
  • eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles prok don’t
  • eukaryotes have tails, prok have flagella
  • prok have pili euk have cilia
  • euk has dna contained in a nucleus, prok has free dna in the cytoplasm
  • prok have plasmids euk don’t
34
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Alpha glucose has H on top, beta has OH on top

Glycosidic bond forms from removal of water

35
Q

What happens to Starch

A

Broken down into glucose when energy is needed

36
Q

What is amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose= long straight chain of alpha glucose

Amylopectin=long branched chain of alpha glucose

37
Q

Water

A

Polar molecule, hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Cohesion- water molecules stick due to h bonds results in surface tension used in transpiration stream
Density- ice less dense than water, h bonds expand protects aquatic life underneath
High specific heat capacity- takes lots of energy to raise by 1 degrees, maintains stability in organisms
High heat of vaporisation- lot of energy needed to convert water into vapour results in cooling effect

38
Q

What are triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Triglyceride: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acid tails
Phospholipids: 1 phosphate head 1 glycerol 2 fatty acid tails

39
Q

Bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bond formed by removal of h2o

40
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated

A 
Saturated = straight
Unsaturated= double c=c and has kinks
41
Q

Features of triglycerides

A

Fatty acid tails broken for energy

Insoluble: tails are hydrophobic, glycerol faces outwards (hydrophilic)

42
Q

Features of phospholipids

A

Forms the phospholipid bilayer

Head hydrophilic tail hydrophilic

43
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

Strengthens cell membrane and helps maintain fluidity of cell membrane

44
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Phosphate head, deoxyribose sugar and base

45
Q

How many rings for each base

A

Angels are pure and have 2 wings (AG purines and have 2 rings
CT pyrimidines and have 1 ring

46
Q

structure of RNA

A

Phosphate head, ribose sugar and base (AUCG) NO T

47
Q

Nucleotide bond

A

Phosphodiester bond forms between sugar and phosphate head to form sugar phosphate backbone and is caused by a condensation reaction

48
Q

How is dna formed from 2 single polynucleotide strands

A

Hydrogen bonds occur from complementary base pairing AT forms 2 h bonds CG forms 3
Two strands are anti parallel first ones js 5’ to 3’ the template is 3’ to 5’
This results in the double helix

49
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Dna helicase unzips dna by breaking h bonds
Each original strand acts as a template free nucleotides bind to template by complementary base pairing
DNA polymerase reforms sugar phosphate backbone and strands twist to form double helix
Semi conservative as 1 strand is old and 1 strand is new

50
Q

Genetic code

A

Base triplets= codons
>non overlapping
>degenerate- multiple combinations of triplets code for same amino acid
> universal same codons code for same amino acids in all organisms

51
Q

Transcription

A

Dna helicase unwinds a section of DNA breaking h bonds
RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides along template strand by complementary base pairing no T, U instead
mRNA strand is formed
RNA polymerase reforms h bonds and double helix reformed
mRNA leaves nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome

52
Q

Translation

A

mRNA attatches to ribosome
tRNA carries free bases to ribosome, they attach themselves to the mRNA via complementary base pairing
This forms amino acids and they form peptide bonds
After amino acids are bonded tRNA leaves and picks up more free nucleotides and process repeats
This continues until the stop codon is reached and a polypeptide is formed

biology (12 decks)

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