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A&P > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

ACh - The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction.

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2
Q

The characteristic that allows muscles to pull on bones and organs to create movement is called:

A

contractility

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3
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A

The overlapping of myofilaments increases, shortening the overall sarcomere.

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4
Q

What type of muscle cells have a fusiform shape and taper to a point at the end?

A

Smooth

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5
Q

What does the sliding filament theory describe?

A

Muscle contraction

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6
Q

Name three characteristics of cardiac muscle cells.

A

They contract with regular rhythm, they are resistant to fatigue, and they contract nearly in unison, it is rich in myoglobin, it has large stores of glycogen, it uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively

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7
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase?

A

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.

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8
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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9
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber.

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10
Q

Tell whether cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle are voluntary or involuntary

A

Cardiac: involuntary; smooth: involuntary; skeletal: voluntary

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11
Q

When muscles stretch and recoil, they recoil to a shorter length. What is this property called?

A

Elasticity.

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12
Q

What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?

A

Isometric

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13
Q

What type of contraction involves the development of tension with a change in length

A

Isotonic

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14
Q

How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiocytes?

A

Smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do.

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15
Q

What is the portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to another?

A

Sarcomere

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16
Q

The step in which muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called what?

A

Contraction

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17
Q

List the steps of muscle relaxation in order:

A

1: The nerve signal ceases. 2: AChE breaks ACh down. 3: Active transport pumps in the sarcoplasmic reticulum begin to pump calcium back into cisternae. 4: Calcium releases from troponin. 5: Tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites.

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18
Q

Describe some characteristics of smooth muscle.

A

Has no T-tubules, has little SR, is uninucleated, typically slow to contract and slow to relax

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19
Q

What is the difference in electrical charge between one point and another?

A

electrical potential

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20
Q

What is a feature unique to cardiac muscle?

A

intercalated discs

21
Q

What occurs during the relaxation phase of muscle contraction?

A

Myosin releases the thin filaments; calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall; muscle tension declines

22
Q

What is the continuous, forceful contraction in a muscle with no relaxation between stimulii?

A

Complete tetanus

23
Q

What is the quick up-and-down voltage shift from negative to positive called, and what is it caused by?

A

Action potential, caused by the movement of Na and K across the cell membrane.

24
Q

Which membranous structures conduct impulses through the sarcoplasm to stimulate the release of calcium?

A

T-tubules

25
Q

What causes the opening of ion channels, resulting in the initial movement of Na and K across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction? If continued, this can trigger an action potential at the neighboring sarcolemma?

A

end-plate potential

26
Q

What affects twitch strength?

A

How stretched the muscle was just before stimulation; temperature of the muscle; muscle fatigue; stimulation frequency

27
Q

What is myosin ATPase?

A

An enzyme located in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP

28
Q

How do resistance exercises cause muscle growth?

A

They increase the size of myofibrils.

29
Q

In which type of muscle can excitation be non-electrical?

A

Smooth muscle

30
Q

Which muscle tissue resists fatigue and frequently exhibits tetanus?

A

Smooth Muscle

31
Q

Fibers well adapted to aerobic respiration are called what -twitch fibers?

A

Slow twitch

32
Q

What is a thick filament composed of in myofibril?

A

pairs of myosin molecules intertwined together

33
Q

What is the indented region of a sarcolemma that participates in the neruomuscular junction called?

A

Motor end plate

34
Q

What is the name of the red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity?

A

myoglobin

35
Q

Which three situations lead to muscle fatigue in long-duration exercises?

A

Electrolyte loss, fuel depletion, and central fatigue

36
Q

Where is calcium stored in a skeletal muscle cell?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

An overstretched or over contracted muscle will result in what?

A

A weak contraction

38
Q

In which type of contraction does a muscle shorten as it maintains tension?

A

Concentric

39
Q

In which type of contraction does a muscle lengthen as it maintains tension?

A

Eccentric

40
Q

When a muscle is at rest, which molecule blocks the active sites on the actin molecule?

A

Tropomyosin

41
Q

On a myogram, what is the time between the stimulus and the twitch?

A

latent period

42
Q

When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens, allowing which ions to diffuse quickly into the cell?

A

Sodium

43
Q

What is the change in membrane potential with the entry of sodium ions called?

A

Depolarization

44
Q

Which fibers are adapted for a quick response?

A

Fast glycolytic

45
Q

How does the action potential move deep into the muscle cell?

A

T-tubules

46
Q

Which structures coordinate contractions in cardiac muscle cells

A

Gap junctions

47
Q

Pockets within the sarcolemma of smooth muscle that contain calcium channels

A

caveolae

48
Q

During what period of a muscle twitch does a muscle fiber shorten and generate force?

A

contraction

A&P (8 decks)

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