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anatomy > muscle physiology (ch 9) > Flashcards

muscle physiology (ch 9) Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitable
contractile
elastic

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2
Q

types of muscle

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

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3
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

mostly hollow internal organs

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4
Q

where is cardiac muscle found

A

heart

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5
Q

where is skeletal muscle found

A

mainly attached to bones

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6
Q

parts of skeletal muscle

A

belly
attachments (origin and insertion)

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7
Q

belly

A

thickest part of the muscle

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8
Q

origin

A

more proximal/less movable end of the muscle

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9
Q

insertion

A

more distal/more movable end of the muscle

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10
Q

myo means…

A

muscle

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11
Q

connective tissue consists of…

A

collagen

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12
Q

endomysium

A

found around each muscle cell (fiber)

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13
Q

perimysium

A

found around each fascicle (grouping)

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14
Q

epimysium

A

found around an entire muscle

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15
Q

internal tension

A

tension within cells

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16
Q

external tension

A

tension to bones to move a load

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17
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement
tone (tension)
heat

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18
Q

why does tone need to be maintained in skeletal muscle

A

posture, supporting joints

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19
Q

how is/how much heat is created by skeletal muscle

A

over 80% of body heat is created through muscle metabolism

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20
Q

sarco means…

A

muscle

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21
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

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22
Q

T tubules

A

pits that go deep off the membrane

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23
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscular cytoplasm

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24
Q

myofibrils

A

cylindrical subunits of contractile protein

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25
Q

terminal cisternae

A

“end containers” of wide sarcoplasmic reticulum near the T tubule

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26
Q

glycogen

A

starch (chains of glucose)

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27
Q

myoglobin function

A

transferring O2

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28
Q

how many mitochondria are in the sarcoplasm

A

many

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29
Q

where are the nuclei found in skeletal muscle

A

at/near the sarcolemma

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30
Q

anatomy of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
glycogen
myoglobin
mitochondria
many nuclei

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31
Q

myofilaments are…

A

proteins

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32
Q

titin is…

A

elastic protein myosin connections to the z-disc

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33
Q

thick myofilaments consist of…

A

myosin

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34
Q

thin myofilaments consist of…

A

actin
tropomyosin
troponin

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35
Q

actin characteristics

A

g-globular
f-filamentous

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36
Q

tropomyosin characteristics

A

rod-shaped

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37
Q

troponin characteristics

A

3 polypeptides
I binds to actin
T binds to tropomyosin
C binds to Ca++

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38
Q

myosin is shaped like…

A

golf clubs

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39
Q

A bands are dark because of…

A

thick myosin filaments

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40
Q

the H zone is…

A

an area of no overlap, the center is pale because there are no thin filaments

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41
Q

I bands are pale because…

A

there are no thick myosin filaments

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42
Q

the Z disc is…

A

where thin filaments are connected to each other mid I-band

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43
Q

sarcomeres are…

A

the distance between adjacent z-discs

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44
Q

contractions cause…

A

I bands to become smaller
H zones to disappear
A bands to stay the same
sarcomeres to shorten

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45
Q

alpha motor neuron function

A

stimulating muscle fibers/cells

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46
Q

a motor unit is…

A

one alpha neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

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47
Q

fine control involves…

A

many small motor units

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48
Q

gross control involves…

A

relatively few, large motor units

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49
Q

fine control muscle

A

extra-ocular eye muscle

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50
Q

gross control muscle

A

gluteus maximus

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51
Q

neuromuscular junctions are…

A

a type of synapse (clasp/join)

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52
Q

synaptic knobs are…

A

widened neuron endings

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53
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) is found in ____ and serves as a ____

A

membrane vesicles, neurotransmitter

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54
Q

synaptic clefts are

A

spaces/separations

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55
Q

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is…

A

an enzyme that breaks apart acetylcholine

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56
Q

motor end plates are found…

A

on muscle membranes (sarcolemmas)

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57
Q

function of junctional folds

A

to increase surface area

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58
Q

ACh receptors are…

A

ACh-gated ion channels (similar to that of sodium and potassium)

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59
Q

resting membrane potential of muscle

A

-90 mV

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60
Q

resting membrane potential of neurons

A

-70 mV

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61
Q

why is resting membrane potential at the charges they are

A

Na+ and K+ ATP pump, Na+ and K+ gradient

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62
Q

action potential is…

A

charge that moves

63
Q

action potential process

A

change occurs in membrane charge
gets recreated along the membrane
spreads and acts as a signal along it

64
Q

muscle stimulation by a neuron is comparable to…

A

a wave

65
Q

steps of muscle stimulation by a neuron

A

AP from neuron reaches synaptic knob, opens voltage-gated calcium channels in neuron knob, Ca++ diffuses into the neuron, inducing exocytosis of ACh, which diffuses to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma, which allow Na+ to come in, then K+ to come out, resulting in the muscle cell creating an AP that moves along the sarcolemma

66
Q

how does muscle stimulation from a neuron stop

A

by getting rid of ACh via enzyme AChE

67
Q

steps of excitation-contraction coupling

A

AP propagated along sarcolemma and down T tubules, opening voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the SR, leading Ca++ to diffuse out, binding to troponin and moving tropomyosin to exposed binding sites, myosin then binds to actin, the heads bend and release ADP and P, ATP attaches to myosin to release a crossbridge, the head recocks, and process repeats

68
Q

when does excitation-contraction coupling stop

A

when APs no longer release Ca++ around the myofilaments and ATP is no longer available

69
Q

rigor mortis is…

A

the rigidity of death

70
Q

why does rigor mortis occur

A

a lack of ATP causes Ca++ pumps to stop working, increasing Ca++ around actin and myosin, with no way to release

71
Q

effect of nerve gas

A

inhibits AChE, meaning ACh stays at the neuromuscular junction and the muscle stays contracted

72
Q

why is nerve gas deadly

A

it causes muscles to stay contracted, but the diaphragm needs to relax so you can breathe

73
Q

contraction of a whole muscle means…

A

each cell will contract to its maximum when stimulated

74
Q

a myogram displays

A

time vs tension

75
Q

a muscle twitch is…

A

a rapid jerk response to a single stimulus

76
Q

a stimulus is…

A

above threshold

77
Q

latent period

A

muscle APs cause Ca++ to release from the SR and expose binding site crossbridges

78
Q

contraction

A

actin and myosin interact, leading to shortening

79
Q

relaxation

A

no muscle APs lead to a decrease in Ca++, covering of binding sites, and release of ATP

80
Q

wave summation occurs when…

A

stimulus frequency is changed (increased)

81
Q

tetanus

A

a sustained contraction

82
Q

fused/complete tetanus is…

A

a smooth/held contraction

83
Q

why do muscles not relax during tetanus

A

Ca++ is being maintained around the myofilament

84
Q

recruitment is also known as…

A

multiple motor unit summation

85
Q

recruitment occurs by…

A

changing stimulus intensity

86
Q

what is the size principle

A

small motor units are recruited first, large motor units are recruited last

87
Q

what is the maximal stimulus

A

the smallest stimulus needed to get all motor units functioning/contracting

88
Q

force out of a muscle depends on…

A

number of motor units recruited
size of muscle fibers
frequency of stimulus
length-tension relationship

89
Q

size of muscle fibers determines…

A

overall muscle size

90
Q

what is the optimal length of a muscle

A

slightly longer than resting length
will produce the best interaction of actin and myosin

91
Q

isometric contraction

A

“same measurement”
contraction with no length change of a muscle

92
Q

isotonic contraction

A

“same tone/tension”
contraction with a length change

93
Q

types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric and eccentric

94
Q

concentric isotonic contractions

A

when muscle shortens while it has tension

95
Q

eccentric isotonic contractions

A

when muscle lengthens while maintaining tension

96
Q

metabolism is ____ and ____

A

anabolism and catabolism (build-up and breakdown of various molecules

97
Q

ATP stores provide ____ energy

A

a little bit of

98
Q

the creatine kinase system provides ____ energy

A

6 seconds worth of energy

99
Q

the myokinase system provides ____ energy

A

10 seconds worth of energy

100
Q

creatine kinase system summary

A

creatine phosphate + ADP –> ATP + creatine

101
Q

myokinase system summary

A

ADP + ADP –> AMP + ATP

102
Q

glycolysis is…

A

anaerobic fermentation

103
Q

glycolysis summary

A

glucose –> 2 3-carbon pyruvates + energy ferment into lactate

104
Q

glycolysis can be described as…

A

inefficient but quick

105
Q

glycolysis provides ____ energy

A

30-40 seconds worth of energy

106
Q

aerobic activity summary

A

2 pyruvates + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + energy

107
Q

aerobic activity can be described as…

A

efficient but slow

108
Q

how much more energy does aerobic activity yield compared to glycolysis

A

15x more

109
Q

fatigue is…

A

a decline in muscle force after sustained use

110
Q

command fatigue

A

person gives up

111
Q

physiological fatigue

A

muscle is stimulated to its maximum, still force then declines

112
Q

short term reason for fatigue

A

decrease in membrane excitability
K+ fills T tubules
phosphates build up in muscle

113
Q

long term reason for fatigue

A

SR damage decreases control of Ca++

114
Q

what is oxygen used for post-exercise

A

replenishing O2
oxidizing lactic acid back to pyruvate in the liver
replenishing ATP and creatine-phosphate stores in muscle
dealing with higher post-exercise metabolism

115
Q

cause for muscle soreness during exercise

A

increase in acids in the muscle (lactic, phosphate, carbonate) leads to pain

116
Q

cause for muscle soreness after exercise

A

microtrauma to proteins leads to repair/increase in them, and an increase in muscle strength

117
Q

more proteins means…

A

a muscle cell gets bigger

118
Q

advantages of resistance exercise

A

increase in actin, myosin, and collagen
hypertrophy (much growth, cells and muscle enlarge)

119
Q

advantages of endurance exercise

A

increase in mitochondria in muscle, myoglobin, and capillaries
increase in cardiovascular/respiratory efficiency

120
Q

what is the best type of exercise and why

A

cross-training, it involves both resistance and endurance exercise

121
Q

being a couch potato results in…

A

a loss of up to 5% of overall strength in one day

122
Q

various muscle fiber types ____

A

predominate in various muscles, but all motor units in a muscle will be the same

123
Q

aerobic fiber(s)

A

slow oxidative fiber, fast oxidative fiber

124
Q

anaerobic fiber(s)

A

fast glycolytic fiber

125
Q

appearance of slow oxidative fiber

A

red, small

126
Q

appearance of fast oxidative fiber

A

pink, medium

127
Q

appearance of fast glycolytic fiber

A

white, large

128
Q

characteristics of slow oxidative fiber

A

high fatigue resistance
slow ATP use (slow twitch)
high myoglobin
low glycogen

129
Q

characteristics of fast oxidative fiber

A

medium to high fatigue resistance
medium ATP use (relatively quick)
medium-high myoglobin
intermediate glycogen

130
Q

characteristics of fast glycolytic fiber

A

fatigable (poor endurance)
quick ATP use (fast twitch)
low myoglobin
high glycogen

131
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

mostly in the walls of hollow internal organs

132
Q

anatomy of a smooth muscle cell

A

intermediate-filament skeleton gives it shape
actin and myosin present at dense bodies
no T tubules, troponin, myofibrils, or sarcomeres

133
Q

smooth and skeletal muscle similarites

A

stimuli to cells lead to changes in membrane potential
increase of Ca++ inside the cell leads to actin and myosin interaction
actin and myosin interaction causes muscle fiber contraction

134
Q

what can stimulate a smooth muscle cell

A

any change in charge (positive or negative), does not always have to be an AP

135
Q

varieties of stimuli to smooth muscle cells

A

multiunit and single unit

136
Q

multiunit stimuli

A

neuron that interacts with each cell

137
Q

single unit stimuli

A

no neuron stimulation to each cell, instead there are many gap junctions

138
Q

in a pacemaker cell can…

A

spontaneously depolarize

139
Q

excitatory signals lead to…

A

contraction

140
Q

inhibitory signals lead to…

A

relaxation

141
Q

types of smooth muscle cell stimuli

A

temperature, hormones, stretch, pH, pCO2, pO2

142
Q

amount of SR in a smooth muscle cell

A

relatively little

143
Q

most Ca++ in smooth muscle cell comes from

A

the outside (extracellular fluid) via diffusion

144
Q

how does Ca++ induce actin and myosin interaction in smooth muscle

A

it binds to calmodulin, activating myosin light-chain kinase enzymes
kinase adds phosphate to myosin heads

145
Q

actin to myosin ratio in smooth vs skeletal muscle

A

more in smooth muscle (13:1 vs 2:1)

146
Q

the further a myosin head can go…

A

the more contraction there is

147
Q

contraction characteristics in smooth muscle

A

slow
slow ATP-ase

148
Q

twitch times of smooth vs skeletal muscle

A

skeleton = 0.1 sec
smooth = 1-3 sec

149
Q

in regards to fatigue, smooth muscle is ____

A

fatigue resistant

150
Q

why is smooth muscle fatigue resistant

A

it is constantly contracting, and uses ATP slowly

151
Q

shortening/stretch of smooth vs skeletal muscle

A

greater in smooth muscle
skeletal: 30% shorter, 30% longer than at rest
smooth: 50% shorter, 100% longer than at rest

152
Q

smooth muscle undergoes…

A

hyperplasia or mitosis

153
Q

stretch/relaxation response in smooth muscles

A

stretching increases tension, then relaxation follows

154
Q

even when stretched, a smooth muscle…

A

still contracts well

anatomy (6 decks)

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