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anatomy > cns (ch 12) > Flashcards

cns (ch 12) Flashcards

1
Q

steps of neural tube development

A

embryonic folding of the ectoderm on what will become the dorsal surface, encloses at cranial end to form brain, encloses at caudal end to complete spinal cord

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2
Q

the cranial neural tube initially forms into these three regions

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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3
Q

prosencephalon

A

means forebrain

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4
Q

subdivisions of prosencephelon

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

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5
Q

telencephalon

A

means end brain
assc with lateral ventricle

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6
Q

diencephalon

A

means split brain
assc with 3rd ventricle

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7
Q

mesencephalon

A

means midbrain
assc with cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

rhombencephalon

A

means hindbrain

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9
Q

subdivisions of rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon
myelencephalon

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10
Q

metencephalon

A

means added brain
assc with 4th ventricle

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11
Q

myelencephalon

A

means spinal brain

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12
Q

beyond the neural tube is…

A

the spinal cord (assc with the central canal)

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13
Q

dura mater means…

A

tough mother

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14
Q

the dura mater is made of…

A

2 layers of dense irregular CT

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15
Q

layers of the dura mater

A

periosteal
meningeal

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16
Q

the periosteal layer is…

A

against the bone

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17
Q

the meningeal layer is…

A

the deeper layer

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18
Q

the layers of the dura mater split to form…

A

dural venous sinuses

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19
Q

septae means…

A

separations

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20
Q

the falx cerebri is…

A

the sickle of the brain

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21
Q

the tentorum cerebelli is…

A

the tent of the cerebellum

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22
Q

the falx cerebelli is…

A

the sickle of the cerebellum

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23
Q

types of septae

A

falx cerebri
tentorum cerebelli
falx cerebelli

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24
Q

arachnoid means…

A

spider like

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25
Q

the subarachnoid space contains…

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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26
Q

arachnoid villi are…

A

fingerlike projections that project into the dural venous sinuses

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27
Q

pia mater means…

A

delicate mother

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28
Q

characteristics of the pia mater

A

delicate loose CT covers the CNS surface
follows each gyrus and each sulcus

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29
Q

meningitis is…

A

inflammation due to a CNS or CSF infection

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30
Q

severity of viral vs bacterial/fungal meningitis

A

viral - serious
bacterial/fungal - deadly

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31
Q

CSF is formed by…

A

the choroid plexus (vascular network)

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32
Q

tufts of capillaries are within all _____

A

ventricles

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33
Q

capillaries are covered by _____

A

ependymal cells

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34
Q

CSF is filtered out of _____ due to _____

A

blood, blood pressure

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35
Q

flow of CSF

A

from two lateral ventricles, to the 3rd ventricle, to the 4th ventricle, to either the central canal or subarachnoid space, to the arachnoid villi

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36
Q

CSF gets to the 3rd ventricle through _____

A

interventricular foramina

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37
Q

CSF gets to the 4th ventricle through _____

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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38
Q

number of median and lateral apertures

A

1 median, 2 lateral

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39
Q

in the arachnoid villi, CSF ____________

A

goes back into venous blood in dural venous sinuses

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40
Q

functions of CSF

A

delivering nutrients and O2 to ependymal cells
cushioning and floating the brain

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41
Q

what are spinal taps

A

the process of obtaining sample CSF below the spinal cord in the lumbar region

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42
Q

assc fluid filled cavities of telencephalon

A

2 lateral ventricles

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43
Q

higher functions of telencephalon

A

memory, intelligence, planning, interpretation

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44
Q

gyri means…

A

ridges

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45
Q

sulci are…

A

shallow grooves

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46
Q

the central sulcus consists of…

A

the frontal and parietal lobes

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47
Q

the lateral sulcus consists of…

A

the temporal lobe

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48
Q

the parieto-occipital sulcus consists of…

A

(from a median view) the parietal and occipital lobes

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49
Q

fissures are…

A

deep grooves

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50
Q

the longitudinal fissure is…

A

between the R and L hemispheres with falx cerebri

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51
Q

the transverse fissure is…

A

between hemispheres and cerebellum with tentorum cerebelli

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52
Q

cortex means…

A

bark

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53
Q

the surface gray matter of the cortex contains _____

A

somas

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54
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

motor/motor planning functions

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55
Q

primary motor cortex characteristics

A

on frontal lobe
homonculus - little person
face - lateral
foot - medial

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56
Q

Broca’s area characteristics

A

on frontal lobe
located on the left side
deals with motor planning for speech

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57
Q

pre-frontal cortex characteristics

A

on frontal lobe
responsible for foresight (planning/attention)

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58
Q

the ______ is the last part of the brain to develop at age _____

A

pre-frontal cortex, 25

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59
Q

primary somatosensory cortex characteristics

A

on parietal lobe
post-central gyrus
face - lateral
foot - medial

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60
Q

somatosensory association cortex characteristics

A

on parietal lobe
behind post-central gyrus
gives meaning to sensation

61
Q

primary visual cortex characteristics

A

on occipital lobe
responsible for general info (size, color, edges, movement)

62
Q

visual association cortex characteristics

A

on occipital lobe
responsible for interpretation

63
Q

primary auditory cortex characteristics

A

on temporal lobe
responsible for hearing (pitch, loudness)

64
Q

characteristics of auditory associated areas

A

on temporal lobe
interprets sound

65
Q

function of Wernicke’s area

A

interpreting speech

66
Q

the insular lobe is located…

A

deep to the lateral sulcus

67
Q

the gustatory cortex is responsible for ______

A

taste

68
Q

white matter contains…

A

axons (most are myelinated)

69
Q

white matter is located…

A

deep to the cortex

70
Q

tracts are…

A

axon collections in the CNS

71
Q

function of commissural fibers

A

connecting the hemispheres

72
Q

example of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum body of fibers

73
Q

association fibers are located…

A

within one hemisphere

74
Q

projection fibers run…

A

to and from hemispheres to the rest of the CNS

75
Q

somas are located…

A

deep to the white matter of the hemisphere

76
Q

basal nuclei are responsible for…

A

motor control (initiating and stopping movement)

77
Q

symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

resting tremors, rigidity, difficulty starting/stopping motion

78
Q

septum pellucidum characteristics

A

means separation that is clearish
located between lateral ventricles

79
Q

fornix characteristics

A

means arch
connecting band of white matter

80
Q

assc fluid cavity of diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

81
Q

thalamus means…

A

where nerves originate

82
Q

the thalamus consists of…

A

many nuclei/somas

83
Q

process of the sensory relay station

A

sense info –> synapses in thalamus –> sent to cortex

84
Q

features of the thalamus

A

shaped like a fat dumbbell
intermediate mass connects the R and L halves of the thalamus through the 3rd ventricle

85
Q

the hypothalamus contains ____ nuclei, and has ___ functions as a result

A

many, many

86
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A

body’s thermostat, produces hormones, physical aspects of emotion, drives (thirst, hunger, sleep, sex)

87
Q

characteristics of mamillary bodies

A

means breasts
deal with memory and emotion

88
Q

infundibulum characteristics

A

means funnel
stalk of pituitary

89
Q

pituitary/hypophysis characteristics

A

means grow below
secretes hormones

90
Q

pineal means…

A

pinecone

91
Q

the pineal is responsible for…

A

visual input (sleep/wake cycles through melatonin)

92
Q

assc fluid filled cavity of the mesencephalon

A

cerebral aqueduct

93
Q

peduncles means…

A

little feet

94
Q

cerebral peduncles consist of…

A

motor projection fibers and axons

95
Q

corpora quadrigemina means…

A

bodies of four, twins

96
Q

parts of the corpora quadrigemina

A

superior and inferior colliculi

97
Q

colliculi means…

A

mound

98
Q

the superior colliculi is responsible for…

A

visual reflexes

99
Q

the inferior colliculi is responsible for…

A

hearing reflexes

100
Q

assc fluid cavity of the metencephalon

A

4th ventrivle

101
Q

pons means…

A

bridge

102
Q

pons characteristics

A

cranial nerves/nuclei
centers for respiratory and cardiovascular functions

103
Q

cerebellum means…

A

little brain

104
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for…

A

skeletal muscle coordination (subconscious to fine/gross motor skills)
matching intent with what is happening

105
Q

arbor vitae means…

A

tree of life

106
Q

the arbor vitae consists of…

A

white matter

107
Q

gray matter is the cerebellar _____

A

cortex

108
Q

folia means…

A

leaves

109
Q

assc fluid cavity of the myelencephalon

A

4th ventricle

110
Q

medulla oblongata means…

A

inner part - elongated

111
Q

pyramids of medulla characteristics

A

ridges - anterior
motor fiber

112
Q

decussation means…

A

crossing

113
Q

the medulla oblongata contains…

A

centers for respiratory and cardiovascular function

114
Q

function of the limbic system

A

emotion and memory

115
Q

location of the limbic system

A

lower hemispheres and temporal lobe (amygdala), hippocampus, diencephalon

116
Q

functional regions of the brain

A

limbic system and reticular formation

117
Q

function of reticular formation

A

alertness and arousability

118
Q

location of reticular formation

A

posterior brainstem - midbrain to medulla

119
Q

the spinal cord runs from ___ to ___

A

the foramen magnum to L1

120
Q

conus medullaris means…

A

cone inside (tapers)

121
Q

cauda equina means…

A

tail of horse (nerves in vertebral canal)

122
Q

filum terminale means…

A

file at the end (pia mater anchors the cord to the bottom of the sacrum)

123
Q

spinal taps usually occur…

A

below L1 (sample of CSF is taken from the subarachnoid space)

124
Q

why are do cervical and lumbar enlargements occur

A

extremities have lots of neurons

125
Q

average cord diameter

A

pinky finger

126
Q

meninges of the spinal cord are…

A

the same as the brain

127
Q

cross section of spinal cord

A

ventral and dorsal parts

128
Q

gray matter is ____ while white matter is ____

A

deep, superficial

129
Q

grooves of the spinal cord

A

anterior/ventral median fissure
posterior/dorsal median sulcus

130
Q

arrangement of spinal cord

A

around central canal

131
Q

ventral horn characteristics

A

motor neuron somas
alpha motor neurons to skeletal muscle

132
Q

dorsal horn characteristics

A

sensory association neuron somas

133
Q

lateral horn characteristics

A

thoracic
autonomic sympathetic motor neuron somas

134
Q

gray commissure is located…

A

around the central canal

135
Q

white matter consists of…

A

myelinated axons

136
Q

funiculi means…

A

cable

137
Q

columns of white matter

A

ventral
dorsal
R and L lateral

138
Q

tracts are…

A

collections of axons in the CNS

139
Q

ascending tracts are ___, while descending tracts are ___

A

sensory, motor

140
Q

motor functions occur in the ___

A

front

141
Q

function of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

mechanism of getting info from the cortex to the spine

142
Q

column of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

lateral

143
Q

pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

descending motor

144
Q

run of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

cortex –> cerebral peduncles –> pyramids –> decussation –> lateral column to ventral horn

145
Q

function of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

pain stimuli

146
Q

column of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

lateral

147
Q

pathway of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

ascending sensory

148
Q

run of the lateral spinothalamic tract

A

unipolar sensory neuron –> dorsal horn sensory assn neuron

anatomy (6 decks)

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