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anatomy > fundamentals of the nervous system (ch 11) > Flashcards

fundamentals of the nervous system (ch 11) Flashcards

1
Q

all information has to go through…

A

the CNS

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2
Q

steps of the information pathway

A

sensory (different) –> integration –> motor (efferent)
AKA
stimulus - receptor - CNS - effector - response

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3
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

sensory and motor

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4
Q

the CNS consists of…

A

the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

the PNS is…

A

the peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

the sensory PNS deals with…

A

bringing info in

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7
Q

the motor PNS deals with…

A

info going out

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8
Q

divisions of the motor PNS

A

autonomic and somatic

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9
Q

the autonomic motor PNS consists of…

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
(is self governed)

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10
Q

the somatic motor PNS consists of

A

skeletal muscle
(is voluntary)

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11
Q

somatic refers to…

A

surface

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12
Q

visceral refers to…

A

inside

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13
Q

special sense example

A

sight

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14
Q

divisions of the autonomic motor PNS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic refers to…

A

working together (fight or flight)

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16
Q

parasympathetic refers to…

A

around the sympathetic (rest and digest)

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17
Q

neurons are…

A

nerve cells

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18
Q

somas are…

A

cell bodies

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19
Q

somas consist of…

A

a nucleus and organelles

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20
Q

in the CNS, somas are located in…

A

gray matter

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21
Q

in the PNS, somas are located in…

A

ganglia

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22
Q

ganglia are…

A

collections of somas outside the brain/spinal cord

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23
Q

dendrites are…

A

branches off the soma

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24
Q

function of dendrites

A

increases surface area for receiving messages

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25
Q

axon means…

A

axis

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26
Q

axons come off the soma at…

A

the axon hillock

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27
Q

the axon hillock is…

A

where most neuron APs form/start

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28
Q

axons are _____ process

A

single

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29
Q

axons end at…

A

terminal branches with synaptic knobs containing a NT

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30
Q

in the CNS, axons are located in…

A

white matter

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31
Q

in the PNS, axons are located in…

A

nerves

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32
Q

myelin consists of…

A

the wrapping of cell membranes which are phospholipids (fatty/nonpolar)

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33
Q

function of myelin

A

increases AP transmission speed and rate

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34
Q

neuroglia means…

A

glue

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35
Q

neuroglia are…

A

supporting cells

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36
Q

neuroglia to neuron ratio

A

10:1

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37
Q

astrocyte means…

A

star cell

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38
Q

astrocytes are most commonly found in…

A

the CNS

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39
Q

function of astrocytes

A

bracing and supporting neurons and BVs (aka the blood-brain barrier)

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40
Q

microglial cells mean…

A

small glue cells

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41
Q

characteristics of microglial cells

A

motile (moves)
defends CNS
cleans up damage

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42
Q

ependymal means…

A

put over/on

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43
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

lining CNS fluid-filled cavities

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44
Q

ependymal cells are made of…

A

epithelium with cilia

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45
Q

oligodendrocyte means…

A

few branch cell

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46
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

processes/projections form CNS myelin that wrap a few different axons

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47
Q

multiple sclerosis is…

A

an autoimmune disease against CNS myelin, means “many scars”

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48
Q

function of schwann cells

A

forming PNS myelin
multiple small single cells wrap their membranes along the axon
can support/surround multiple unmyelinated axons

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49
Q

function of satellite cells

A

surrounds/supports somas in ganglia

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50
Q

neuroglia found in CNS

A

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

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51
Q

neuroglia found in PNS

A

schwann cells, satellite cells

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52
Q

neuron structure classifications

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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53
Q

multipolar neurons make up _____% of neurons

A

over 99

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54
Q

bipolar neurons are…

A

rare, sensory
part of the retina and nose

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55
Q

unipolar neurons are…

A

sensory

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56
Q

neuron function classifications

A

sensory
motor
interneurons/association neurons

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57
Q

function of sensory neurons

A

bringing info into the CNS

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58
Q

function of motor neurons

A

carrying info out of the CNS

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59
Q

interneurons are found…

A

within the CNS, and are the most common neuron

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60
Q

voltage is…

A

the separation of charged particles (ions)

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61
Q

how are ions separated

A

across the membrane

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62
Q

resistance is…

A

the hinderance of charged particle flow

63
Q

current is…

A

the flow of charged particles

64
Q

equation for Ohm’s law

A

I = V/R

65
Q

result of ion channel leakage

A

allows for a slow current because they are always open

66
Q

gated ion channels can be ____ or ____

A

open, closed

67
Q

ways to open/close gated ion channels

A

ligand/chemical
voltage
mechanical

68
Q

in ligand gated ion channels…

A

a chemical binds to open or close ion channels

69
Q

in voltage gated ion channels…

A

voltage changes on the membrane open or close the channel

70
Q

in mechanically gated ion channels…

A

a pull on the membrane will open or close it

71
Q

potential is…

A

the charge across a membrane

72
Q

concentrations of the Na+ K+ ATP pump

A

more Na+ is outside
more K+ is inside

73
Q

the charge inside of a neuron is around…

A

-70 mV

74
Q

why is the inside of a neuron negative

A

leakage channels

75
Q

at rest, the membrane is more permeable to ___ than ___

A

K+ than Na+

76
Q

result of membrane permeability

A

K+ diffuses out until the inside membrane becomes more negative, continues until the charge reaches K+ equilibrium

77
Q

graded (local) potentials are measured by…

A

voltage

78
Q

graded potentials are…

A

a localized change to membrane Voltage

79
Q

the current sink is…

A

where ions diffuse

80
Q

steps of graded potentials

A

stimulus to cell induces ion channels to open, ions diffuse across the membrane at the current sink, which changes the charge across a membrane in a localized region

81
Q

when Na+ channels are opened…

A

Na+ diffuses in, and charge becomes less negative

82
Q

when K+ channels are opened…

A

K+ diffuses out, charge becomes more negative

83
Q

when Cl- channels are opened…

A

Cl- diffuses in, charge becomes more negative

84
Q

when Ca++ channels are opened…

A

Ca++ diffuses in, charge becomes less negative

85
Q

characteristics of local/graded potential

A

graded
local
decremental
reversible
excitatory or inhibitory

86
Q

graded refers to…

A

bigger stimuli open more ion channels, more ion flow, and a bigger voltage change

87
Q

local means…

A

one area of the membrane

88
Q

decremental means…

A

potential/voltage change decreases over distance

89
Q

reversible means…

A

ions diffuse away, are pumped, and return to their original gradients

90
Q

excitatory means…

A

chance of AP is increased (depolarization)

91
Q

inhibitory means…

A

chance of AP is decreased (hyperpolarization)

92
Q

APs are found in…

A

muscle cells and neurons

93
Q

APs are…

A

brief, large depolarizations that are recreated along the membrane and acts as a signal over a distance

94
Q

what happens in an AP

A

a stimulus depolarizes the membrane to threshold, opening voltage-gated channels for Na+ and K+, with Na+ first flowing in to depolarize the cell, then K+ flowing out to repolarize the cell

95
Q

threshold is around ___ mV

A

-55

96
Q

Na+ channels open up _____ and _____

A

quickly and briefly

97
Q

K+ channels open up _____ and _____

A

slowly and for a longer period of time

98
Q

depolarization stops at ___ mV

A

30

99
Q

after a cell is repolarized, _____ occurs

A

after-hyperpolarization

100
Q

characteristics of APs

A

non-decremental
irreversible
all or none rule
refractory periods

101
Q

non-decremental means…

A

APs are recreated at the same voltage down a membrane

102
Q

irreversible means…

A

once an AP starts, it keeps going

103
Q

the all or none rule means…

A

there either is or isn’t an AP, and all APs will be the same

104
Q

types of refractory periods

A

absolute and relative

105
Q

absolute refractory period

A

occurs while Na+ channels are open
the time during which there cannot be another AP

106
Q

relative refractory period

A

occurs while K+ channels are open
the time during after an AP when the stimulus needed to get to threshold is increased (encoded by increase in AP frequency)

107
Q

factors in AP propagation/conduction

A

size of neuron
myelination

108
Q

bigger axons mean…

A

more ion flow and increased speed

109
Q

unmyelinated neurons have APs…

A

recreated along every membrane part

110
Q

myelinated neurons have APs…

A

only formed at the nodes (APs will leap)

111
Q

synapse means…

A

clasp or join

112
Q

general structure of a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron sends
synapse acts as an NT in the synaptic cleft
post synaptic cell receives the signal

113
Q

types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

114
Q

electrical synapses have _____ and are important in ____

A

gap junctions, nervous system development

115
Q

chemical synapses predominate in _____ and use _____

A

the nervous system, neurotransmitters

116
Q

a synapse is located where on a post-synaptic cell

A

where the axon attaches

117
Q

what is ACh

A

a neurotransmitter for the brain and autonomic nervous system

118
Q

function of Alzheimer’s medication

A

decreasing ACh breakdown by AChE in the CNS

119
Q

types of amino acids

A

GABA
glycine
aspartic acid
glutamate

120
Q

what is GABA/what does it do

A

the primary inhibitory NT in the CNS
opens channels for Cl-, resulting in hyperpolarization

121
Q

amines mean…

A

nitrogen containing

122
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

ACh, amino acids, amines, neuropeptides, gases

123
Q

types of amines

A

catecholamines
serotonin
histamines

124
Q

types of neuropeptides

A

substance P
endorphins
enkephalins

125
Q

types of catecholamines

A

made from tyrosine, can get converted to dopamine, to norepinephrine, to epinephrine

126
Q

function of serotonin

A

mood
sleep/wake
balance/coordination

127
Q

function of histamines

A

works within hypothalamus

128
Q

neuropeptides are…

A

chains of amino acids

129
Q

function of substance P

A

pain signals

130
Q

function of endorphins and enkephalins

A

inhibiting pain

131
Q

function of gases

A

most are neuromodulators, such as NO, CO, and H2S

132
Q

neuromodulators are…

A

any chemical that can change or regulate any neuron activity not released at the synapse

133
Q

synaptic transmission is…

A

a chemical synapse

134
Q

steps of synaptic transmission

A

AP arrives at the synaptic knob, opening voltage gated Ca+ channels, diffusing in the presynaptic neuron, inducing exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing an NT, which then diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors to give its effect

135
Q

the ionotropic effect…

A

uses ions
NT opens ion channels
ions diffuses across the postsynaptic membrane

136
Q

the metabotropic effect…

A

is more common
NT binds to receptors on membrane of postsynaptic cell, receptor stimulates G protein, stimulating enzymes to create a second messenger

137
Q

second messenger examples

A

cAMP, cGMP, Ca++

138
Q

how does synaptic transmission stop

A

diffusion (of NT away)
enzyme (NT breakdown)
reuptake (by presynaptic neuron)

139
Q

most common antidepressant meds are…

A

amine reuptake inhibitors

140
Q

synaptic delay is…

A

when the synapse is the rate-limiting step for nervous information

141
Q

EPSPs are…

A

excitatory post-synaptic potentials
when local depolarizations increase the chance of an AP

142
Q

IPSPs are…

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
when local hyperpolarizations decrease the chance of an AP

143
Q

summation is…

A

adding up all the EPSPs and IPSPs

144
Q

if summation reaches threshold (___ mV), then ____ occurs.

A

-55, an AP

145
Q

temporal summation is…

A

“time”, involves one synapse firing repeatedly within a short timeframe

146
Q

spatial summation is…

A

“space”, involves more that one synapse firing near similar time

147
Q

synaptic plasticity means…

A

things change

148
Q

process of synaptic plasticity

A

new synapses are formed
old synapses are lost
synapses work more effectively

149
Q

types of neural processing

A

serial and parallel

150
Q

types of neuron pools

A

divergent pathway
convergent pathway
reverberating circuit
parallel after-discharge

151
Q

divergent pathways are…

A

when few neurons output many neurons
ex: motor cortex to skeletal muscle

152
Q

convergent pathways are…

A

when many neurons output few neurons
ex: sensations to memories

153
Q

reverberating circuits are…

A

when neurons can loop back to repeat or continue
ex: breathing and walking

154
Q

parallel after-discharge is…

A

when neurons split off then recombine (prolonged message)
ex: math

anatomy (6 decks)

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