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BIOL 223 > Muscle Performance, Injuries, and Diseases > Flashcards

Muscle Performance, Injuries, and Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle performance is considered in terms of

A

Force and Endurance

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2
Q

Define force

A

Maximum amount of tension produced by a muscle or muscle group

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3
Q

Define endurance

A

Amount of time during which an individual can perform a particular activity

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4
Q

What factors determine the performance ability of a skeletal muscle?

A

Types of muscle fibers present

Physical conditioning or training

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

A

Slow, intermediate, fast

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6
Q

Describe slow fibers

A

Type 1 fibers
slow twitch
Oxidative (optimized for aerobic activity)

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7
Q

Describe intermediate fibers

A

Type 2-A fibers
fast twitch
oxidative

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8
Q

Describe fast fibers

A

Type 2-B fibers
Fast twitch
glycolytic fibers

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9
Q

What is the structure of slow fibers?

A 
Dark
Half the diameter of fast fibers
Abundant mitochondria
Extensive blood supply
High concentration of myoglobin
Can contract for long periods of time
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10
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Intracellular oxygen storage molecule

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11
Q

True or false slow fibers are fatigue-resistant

A

True

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12
Q

What is the structure of fast fibers

A 
Light
Contain densely packed myofibrils
Large glycogen reserves
Few mitochondria
Produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
Fatigue rapidly
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13
Q

What is the structure of intermediate fibers?

A

Additional capillary supply
More mitochondria
Smaller in diameter
Not as dependent on anaerobic metabolism

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14
Q

White muscles are made up of mostly

A

fast fibers

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15
Q

Dark muscles are made up of mostly

A

slow fiber

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16
Q

Training or conditioning can change what

A

The percentage of fast fibers that have intermediate properties

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17
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Increase in diameter of muscle

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18
Q

Define atrophy

A

Decrease in diameter of a muscle

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19
Q

Increased activity leads to

A

Synthesis of more actin and myosin myofilaments

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20
Q

Decreased activity leads to

A

loss of actin and myosin myofilaments

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21
Q

Muscle fiber A is twice the diameter of muscle fiber B. Muscle fiber A can produce greater tension than muscle fiber B because

A

A has more myosin to actin cross bridges forming during contraction

22
Q

What is anaerobic endurance

A

Time period in which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis after depleting ATP/CP reserves

23
Q

What is aerobic endurance?

A

Time period in which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities after depleting ATP/CP reserves

24
Q

How do you improve anaerobic endurance?

A

Frequent brief, intensive workouts
Increase muscle mass
Increase glycogen reserves
Increase ability to tolerate lactic acid buildup

25
Q

How do you improve aerobic endurance?

A

Sustained low levels of activity
Increase blood supply to muscles
Improve cardiovascular activity

26
Q

When you age

A

Decrease muscle size, length, and endurance

Skeletal muscle becomes less elastic

27
Q

The disease called tetanus caused by the bacteria clostridium tetani

A

Causes loss of voluntary muscle control by the nervous system
Causes strong contractions in muscles

28
Q

What are primary disorders?

A

Disorders resulting from problems with the muscular system itself

29
Q

What are examples of primary disorders?

A

Muscle Trauma
Muscle infection
Inherited disorders
Tumors

30
Q

What are secondary disorders?

A

Result of problems originating in other systems

31
Q

What are examples of nervous system disorders?

A

Nervous system disorders
Nutritional/metabolic problems
Cardiovascular disorders

32
Q

Define muscle spasm

A

Strong, sudden, unusually painful, unwanted contraction

33
Q

Define muscle spasticity

A

excessive muscle tone

34
Q

Define muscle flaccidity

A

very low muscle tone

35
Q

Define muscle atrophy

A

deterioration or wasting due to disuse, immobility, or interference with normal motor neuron inneration

36
Q

Define myositis

A

Muscle inflammation

37
Q

Define strain

A

Tears in muscle tissue

38
Q

Define sprain

A

Tears in ligament or tendon or joint capsule

39
Q

Define paralysis

A

Loss of voluntary motor control

40
Q

What type of paralysis is the blockage of release of ACh (botulism)?

A

Flaccid

41
Q

What type of paralysis is the interference with binding of ACh to receptors?

A

Flaccid paralysis

42
Q

What type of paralysis is the interference with ACh Esterase activity?

A

Spastic paralysis

43
Q

What type of paralysis is the loss of motor neuron (polio)?

A

Flaccid Paralysis

44
Q

What type of paralysis is the loss of motor neuron axon-peripheral nerve damage

A

Flaccid paralysis

45
Q

What type of paralysis is the excessive stimulation of motor neurons (tetanus)?

A

Spastic paralysis

46
Q

What are the types of inherited disorders?

A

Muscular dystrophies

Myotonic dystrophy

47
Q

What is Duchenne’s MD

A

X linked
More common in males
Problem on X chromosome
Early onset

48
Q

What is Myotonic dystrophy

A

Chromosome 19 disorder

Late onset

49
Q

What are examples of minor muscle trauma?

A

damage to myofibrils
Sarcolemma damage
From excessive activity

50
Q

What are examples of major muscle trauma?

A

Laceration
Crushing
Deep bruise
Muscle tear

BIOL 223 (9 decks)

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