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BIOL 223 > Membrane Systems > Flashcards

Membrane Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid is

A

cytosol

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid is

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

The ions of higher concentration inside the cell are

A

K+ and anionic proteins

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4
Q

The ions of higher concentration outside the cell are

A

Na+
Cl-
Ca2+

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5
Q

Define permeability

A

The ease with which substances can cross the cell membrane

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6
Q

A cell membrane is selectively permeable and that selectivity is due to

A

different transport mechanisms

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7
Q

A passive transport mechanism

A

does not expend energy

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8
Q

An active transport mechanism

A

expends energy

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9
Q

Diffusion is

A

passive

random motion of ions and molecules down their concentration gradient

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10
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A

Can be passive or active

requires transport protein in membrane

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11
Q

When an ion moves from high to low concentration, it is said to be

A

passive

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12
Q

When an ion moves from low to high concentration, it is said to be

A

active

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13
Q

Diffusion is define as

A

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low

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14
Q

Molecules with no electrical charges diffuse

A

down the chemical concentration gradient

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15
Q

Charged ions and molecules diffuse

A

based on electro-chemical gradient

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16
Q

What are the four examples of diffusion in body fluids?

A

O2 moves from lungs to blood
CO2 moves from cells to lungs
Water moves across digestive tract
Anesthetics diffuse into cells

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17
Q

For diffusion to occur, the membrane must be

A

permeable

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18
Q

The lipid bilayer portion of cell membranes is permeable to

A

O2
CO2
Hydrophobic molecules

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19
Q

The lipid bilayer portion of the cell membrane is not permeable to

A

large molecules

hydrophilic molecules

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20
Q

Membrane proteins provide channels for what type of diffusion?

A

Passive

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21
Q

Define osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane in response to solute differences

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22
Q

Water moves

A

via diffusion down its concentration gradient

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23
Q

In osmosis, water wants to move

A

from low to high solute concentration

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24
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

force of water movement into a solution

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25
Q

Define tonicity

A

The effects of extracellular solutions on cells

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26
Q

Define isotonic

A

No net osmosis, no net gain or loss of water

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27
Q

Define hypotonic

A

Net gain of water into cells

28
Q

Hypotonic states of cells can result in

A

Cytolysis (hemolysis in RBCs)

29
Q

Define hypertonic

A

Net water flow out of the cell

30
Q

Hypertonic states of cells can result in

A

crenation

31
Q

What is a hypotonic extracellular solution and how will water behave?

A

Less solutes, more water than intracellular solution

Water will flow into the cell

32
Q

What is hypertonic extracellular solution and how will water behave?

A

More solutes, less water than intracellular solution

Water will flow out of the cell

33
Q

What factors influence diffusion?

A

Distance
Size
Temperature
Concentration gradient

34
Q

Diffusion is an effective means of transport from 0- _____ micrometers

A

123

35
Q

Diffusion will occur faster if

A

molecule is smaller
temp is higher
concentration gradient is higher

36
Q

For charged ions, the 2 driving forces influencing their rate of diffusion are

A

electrical gradient

concentration gradient

37
Q

What would happen if a cell suddenly became very permeable to Na+ ions?

A

Na+ ions would move into the cell

38
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Passive
Random motion of substances down their gradient
Channel proteins allow hydrophilic substances through

39
Q

Describe carrier mediated transport

A

Passive or active

Requires a transport protein in membrane

40
Q

Carrier mediated transport relies on what three factors?

A

specificity
saturation limits
regulation

41
Q

Define specificity in terms of carrier mediated transport

A

carrier proteins are generally specific for a particular substance

42
Q

Define Saturation limits

A

Rate of transport is subject to number of transport proteins available

43
Q

Define Regulation

A

Various control factors exist that effect the activity of carrier proteins

44
Q

To increase your saturation limit, you can use a

A

enzyme

45
Q

Define co-transport

A

both substances being transported go same directions across the membrane

46
Q

Define counter-transport

A

both substances being transported go opposite directions across the memrane

47
Q

Is facilitated diffusion passive or active?

A

Passive

48
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Substance moves down conc. gradient
Requires transport protein
Differs from simple diffusion (can reach saturation)

49
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion with co transport against concentration gradient

A

One substance moves down gradient
Another moves against gradient
Requires transport protein

50
Q

Describe active transport

A

Consumes ATP

Independent of conc gradients

51
Q

What are the two examples of active transport??

A

Ion pumps

Secondary active transport

52
Q

What is trans-membrane potential?

A

Difference in electrical potential between inside and outside of a cell?

53
Q

At rest, cells have more negative charge ____ than _____

A

inside than outside

54
Q

What is higher in concentration inside a cell at rest?

A

K+

Proteins (negatively charged anions)

55
Q

What is higher in concentration outside a cell at rest?

A

Na+
Cl-
Ca2+

56
Q

What is the electro-chemical gradient?

A

Sum of all forces of all chemical and electrical gradients acting across the cell membrane

57
Q

The resting trans-membrane potential in nerve cells is

A

-70mV

58
Q

The resting trans-membrane potential in muscle cells is

A

-85mV

59
Q

What is the driving force of ion flow across a membrane?

A

Diffusion along a electro-chemical gradient

60
Q

Chemically regulated channels

A

Open or close when they bind specific chemicals

61
Q

Voltage-regulated channels

A

Open or close in response to level of trans-membrane potential

62
Q

____ is released by motor neurons and tell muscles to contract

A

ACh

63
Q

Define neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between nerve cell and muscle cell

64
Q

Nerve cell process releases acetylcholine by

A

exocytosis

65
Q

Define depolarization

A

trans-membrane potential becomes less negative

66
Q

Define hyperpolarization

A

trans-membrane potential becomes more negative

67
Q

Define repolarization

A

trans-membrane potential returns toward resting potential after being depolarized

BIOL 223 (9 decks)

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