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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle objectives > Flashcards

Muscle objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Muscular System

A

The Muscular system is the system that provides movement, posture, blood circulation , heat production, and support.

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2
Q

what do cardiac muscle do?

A

pump blood

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3
Q

what do smooth muscles do?

A

help move blood and fluids through vessels

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4
Q

What is Fascia?

A

A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and other structures

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5
Q

Superficial fascia

A

located under the skin, it seperates muscles from skin

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6
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Surrounds and seperates individual muscles or groups of muscles providing support, protection and pathways for nerves

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7
Q

Epi-my-si-um
Per-i-my-sium
en-do-my-si-um

A

Layes of fascia within muscles enclosing bundles of muscle fibers

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8
Q

Tendon

A

connective tissues that attaches muscle to bone and enables movement by transmitting force from muscle contraction

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9
Q

Ligament

A

A band of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and stabilizes the joints

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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A

a flat sheet- like tendon that connects muscles to bones or or muscles ex: abdominal region

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11
Q

Agonist (Prime mover)

A

The muscle primarily responsive for producing a specific movement (example: the muscles when they contract)

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

The Muscle that opposes the agonist controlling or balancing the movement (example: the triceps when they are relaxed during arm flexions and biceps are contracted)

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13
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that assist the agonist by stabilizing joints or adding force to the movement (example: Brachialis during arm flex

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14
Q

Origin

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle to bone that remains stationary during contraction (The top of the muscle)

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15
Q

Insertion

A

The movable attachment point of muscle to bone where the muscle causes movement

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16
Q

Belly

A

The thick, central part of the muscle where most of the fibers are located (example: rectus and deltoid muscle)

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17
Q

How are fascicles arRANGED?

A

They are arranged in patterns that affect a muscles strength and RANGE OF MOTION

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18
Q

Parallel

A

Fibers run in straight lines

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19
Q

What are Fascicles?

A

When a group of muscle fibers are bundles as unit within the muscle

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20
Q

Convergent

A

Fibers spread out and converge at a single tendon (ONLY ONE TENDON)

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21
Q

Circular

A

Fibers form rings controlling opening(a literal ring) example orbicularis oris around the mouth

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22
Q

Pennate

A

Fibers attach at an angle to a tendon maximizing force (shape of feather) (2 ways going opposite)

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23
Q

Explain how the muscles are named (ex. size, # origins etc.

A

Muscles are named based on specific characteristic such as their shape, size, location, action, direction of fibers, and more
location ex: temporalis (on the temporal bone
Shape ex: Deltoid (Triangle shaped
Size ex: Maximus: long
Number of origins ex: Biceps (two origins) triceps: three origins
Origin and insertion ex: sternocleidomastoid: sternum and clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process

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24
Q

Whenever a muscle or tissue surrounds, it what?

A

protects

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

What is Sac-cro-lem-ma?

A

The Cell membrane of a muscle fiber?

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27
Q

Where is sac-cro-lem-ma located?

A

Surround the muscle cell (protecting from bone and other muscle)

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28
Q

What is the function of sarcolemma?

A

The function of the sarcolemma is to help transmit signals for muscle contraction

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29
Q

What is Sacroplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber (JELLY LIKEK SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS NEED NUTRIENT AND MATERIALS FOR CELL TO OPERATE

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30
Q

What does the sarcoplasm contain?

A

Proteins, enzymes, and energy molecules NEEDED FOR CONTRACTION

31
Q

What is the The Cell membrane of a muscle fiber?

A

Sacrolemma

32
Q

The Cyoplasm of a muscle fiber is

A

Sacroplasm

33
Q

What are Myofibrils

A

Rod like structures inside the muscle fiber that is responsible for muscle contraction

34
Q

What do Myofibrils contain?

A

they contained repeating units called sarcomeres which are responsive for contraction

35
Q

What are Sarcomere made of?

A

Actin (Thin filaments)
Myosin (Thick filaments)

36
Q

What do actin and myosin do during contraction?

A

Slide over each other

37
Q

What is Sar-co-plas-mic Reticulum?

A

A network of tubes that stores and RELEASES CALCIUM IONS that are ESSENTIAL for muscle contraction

38
Q

what are T-Tubules (Transverse Tubules)?

A

Extensions of the sarcolemma that go deep into the muscle fiber to carry the rapid
transmission electrical signals throughout the muscle cell in order to ensure the entire muscle fiber CONTRACTS coordinately

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provide ATP (energy for contraction. Skeletal muscles need a lot of energy

40
Q

Nuclei

A

Nuclei produce proteins needed to maintain and repair the muscle fiber (protein=repairs)

41
Q

Describe the Neuromuscular junction

A

The neuro muscular junction isi the communication site where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber. The neuron relases a-ce-tyl-cho-line a chemical messanger that triggers the muscle fiber to contract

42
Q

Describe the synthesis and inactivation of acetylcholine?

A

synthesis: Acetylcholine is produced in the neuron and STORED IN VESICLES
release When a signal arrives, ACH is released into the synaptic cleft
ioknactivation: Acetylcholinesterase ( an enzyme ) breaks down ACH to stop the signal

43
Q

Explain the sliding filament mechanism of contraction

A

Muscles contract by the process of thin actin filaments sliding past thick myosin filaments within a muscle fiber, effectively shortening the sarcomere and generating force, without the filaments themselves actually changing length
Atp provides eergy for this process

44
Q

The role of calcium in muscle contraction

A

When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to tro-po-nin (a protien found in skeletal msucles to repair) on the actin filament. this allows the sliding filament mechanism to occur.

45
Q

List the energy sources for muscle contraction

A

ATP, Creatiine Phosphate (ATP), Glucose(more ATp), and Fatty Acids

46
Q

Twitch

A

a single, brief contraction in response to a stiimulus

47
Q

SUMmation

A

multiple twitches combine for a stronger contraction

48
Q

Tetanus

A

tetanus contraction without relaxation

49
Q

Tone:

A

a low-level, constant muscle contraction for POSTURE

50
Q

Fatigue:

A

When muscles can no longer contract effectively

51
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

the amount of oxygen required after exercise to restore energy reserves

52
Q

Aerobic metabolism:

A

Uses oxygen to produce energy efficiently; ideal for endurance activates

53
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

DOESNT REQUIRE OXYGEN, producing LESS ENERGY but QUICKYLY USED for Shortburst of intense activity

54
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

contract quickly but fatigue easily; used in sprinting or weightlifting

55
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

contract slower but resist fatigue; used in endurance activities like long distance running

56
Q

How are smooth graded contractions produced?

A

By gradually recruiting more motor units and increasing the frequency of nerve signals to the muscle

57
Q

The role of motor units in smooth graded contractions

A

Motor units play a crucial role in producing smooth, graded contractions by allowing muscles to vary their force of contraction by selectively activating different numbers of motor units, essentially “recruiting” more or fewer muscle fibers as needed to generate the desired level of force; this process is called motor unit recruitment.

58
Q

Isotonic contractions:

A

when the muscle changes length (ex: lifting weights)

59
Q

isometric contraction

A

When the muscle stays the same length (ex holding a plank

60
Q

Describe the effect of exercise on muscle structure

A

exercises makes muscles grow stronger by: adding more fibers (hypertrophy) and increasing energy storage

61
Q

Atrophy:

A

when muscles shrink from not being used

62
Q

hypertrophy:

A

when muscles grow bigger from exercise

63
Q

What chemical helps to regenerate ATP?

A

creatine phoshate

64
Q

What’s is flexion and extension?

A

movements that occur in the sagittal plane. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts:

65
Q

Flexion

A

refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

66
Q

Extension

A

refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

67
Q

Medial rotation

A

a rotational movement towards the midline.

68
Q

Lateral rotation

A

a rotating movement away from the midline.

69
Q

Elevation

A

to movement in a superior direction

70
Q

depression

A

refers to movement in an inferior direction.

71
Q

supination

A

With your hand resting on a table in front of you, and keeping your shoulder and elbow still, turn your hand onto its back, palm up.

72
Q

pronation

A

Again, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand onto its front, palm down. This is the prone position

73
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled.

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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