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BPK 306 > Muscle Metabolism > Flashcards

Muscle Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Name energy sources and order in fastest to slowest activation during exercise

A

1 ATP + creative phosphate
2 Anaerobic glycolysis: muscle glycogen
3 Aerobic oxidation: muscle glycogen, plasma glucose, liver glycogen
4 Aerobic oxidation: plasma FFA, adipose tissue triglycerides

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2
Q

How much stored ATP is in skeletal muscle fibres

A

Enough for 3 seconds of contraction

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3
Q

What is PCr and what is it used for

A

Creatine phosphate (PCr)- high energy compound
Quickly broken down to make ATP

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4
Q

How much energy is supplied by PCr

A

Creatine phosphate
Energy for 10 seconds of contraction

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5
Q

ATP + creatine breakdown equation for muscles at rest vs working muscles

A

Muscles at rest: ATP from metabolism + creatine -> ADP + phosphocreatine

Working muscles: phosphocreatine + ADP -> creatine + ATP
- Enzyme- creatine kinase
- High energy phosphate group of phosphocreatine is transferred to ADP to produce ATP
- Phosphocreatine is constant source of energy during muscle contraction

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6
Q

What is the order compounds are used for energy

A

Glucose
Glycogen
FFA
Amino acids
Ketone bodies

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7
Q

What body part can’t consume FFA for fuel

A

Brain

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8
Q

What energy sources can the brain use

A

Glucose
Ketones

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9
Q

What energy source do normal cells use

A

Glucose or FFA

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10
Q

What is the absorptive phase

A

Absorb nutrients to convert to ATP
Occurs after a meal and body digesting

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11
Q

What is the post absorptive state

A

Break down glycogen and FFA
Occur when sleep or fast- food has been digested, absorbed, stored

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12
Q

Example of effective stored energy (ATP is not stored)

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

What allows cells to uptake glucose

A

Insulin
GLUT 4- protein transporter

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14
Q

Output fuel required % of resting metabolic rate and activity/movement

A

60-70% resting metabolic rate
25-30% movement/activity

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15
Q

What is resting metabolic rate

A

Amount of fuel required for daily business

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16
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain constant internal environment

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17
Q

Primary energy source at rest

A

Circulating FFA

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18
Q

Input and output of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Glucose (6C)
2 pyruvate (3C) + 2ATP

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19
Q

What adds glucose to liver

A

Glycogen synthases

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20
Q

How much glycogen can the liver store

A

100g

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21
Q

What removes glucose molecules from glycogen

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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22
Q

What converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase IN LIVER NOT IN MUSCLE
Removes phosphate

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23
Q

What can contribute to blood/plasma glucose levels and why

A

Liver can
Not possible in muscles- no glucose-6-phosphatase

24
Q

When is muscle glycogen used

A

During exercise

25
Q

How much glycogen can muscles store

A

400g

26
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Muscle glycogen broken down into glucose

27
Q

What enzymes are in muscles relating to glucose

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
NO GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE

28
Q

What is glycogen loading

A

Increasing carbohydrate intake before an endurance race to build up muscle glycogen

29
Q

What do muscles use to produce ATP

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

30
Q

How can we make ATP

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Free fatty acids

31
Q

Glycolysis input and output and amount of contraction time provided

A

Anaerobic- no O2 required
Glucose
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP (lactic acid is byproduct)
90 seconds contraction

32
Q

What does lactic acid cause

A

Perception of fatigue and muscle soreness

33
Q

Aerobic respiration input and output and amount of contraction time provided

A

O2 required
Acetyl CoA
36 ATP
Slowest regeneration of ATP route
Occurs in mitochondria

34
Q

Fatiguability of type 1 and type 2 motor units

A

Type 1- low (oxidative capacity high)
Type 2- high (glycolytic capacity high)

35
Q

What is FATP

A

Fatty acid transport proteins

36
Q

How can we go from FFA to acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation

37
Q

How are fats broken down in adipose tissue

A

Lipolysis

38
Q

How do FFA circulate in the blood

A

Bound to albumin

39
Q

How do FFA enter muscle cells

A

Fatty acid transport proteins

40
Q

What does glucokinase do

A

Convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

41
Q

How do FFA cross mitochondria membrane

A

Carnitine palmityltransferases

42
Q

What is produced after every beta oxidation cycle

A

2 carbons removed
Generate 1 acetyl CoA

43
Q

What do the FFA products participate in after

A

Oxidative phosphorylation- Kreb Cycle
BYPASS GLYCOLYSIS

44
Q

Products of FFA breakdown

A

17 ATP
1 FADH2
1 NADH

45
Q

How much energy do you get from lipids, carbs, proteins

A

9 kcal/g lipids
4 kcal/g carbs/proteins
Get more energy from fats

46
Q

What needs to happen before amino acids can be oxidized

A

Transamination
Transfer amino group to another molecule (get rid of NH3)

Amino group must be removed b/c it gives rise to ammonia (toxic)

47
Q

How do amino acids get to the kreb cycle

A

Amino acids -> pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
Bypasses glycolysis

48
Q

Explain all energy related activities at rest

A
  • Circulating fatty acids are primary energy source
  • O2 is abundant = aerobic metabolism used
  • glucose taken in is stored as glycogen
  • phosphocreatine reserves are built up
49
Q

Explain all energy related activities during moderate activity

A
  • phosphocreatine reserves are used first (quickly used up)
  • aerobic metabolism of fatty acids and glucose released from glycogen stores to make ATP
50
Q

Explain all energy related activities for intense activity

A
  • muscles lack O2 to support mitochondria
  • rely on glycolysis for ATP
  • pyruvic acid build up, is converted to lactic acid
51
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited

A

Maternal inheritance

52
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA susceptible to

A

Mutation
Not protected like nuclear DNA

53
Q

How have we been able to identity evolutionary relationships

A

mtDNA

54
Q

What are mitochondrial diseases associated with

A

Lactic acidosis (lots of lactic acid build up)
Exercise related

55
Q

Mitochondrial disease effects on skeletal muscle

A

Weakness
Fatigue
Exercise intolerance
Myopathy (dysfunction muscle fibres)
Hypotonia (decreased muscle tone)

56
Q

Explain Mitochondrial donor process for embryo repair

A

Parent- nucleus removed
Donor- embryo and mitochondria stay while nucleus removed/destroyed
Result- parents nucleus in donors embryo

57
Q

Explain mitochondrial donor process for egg repair

A

Mother- nucleus removed
Donor- egg and mitochondria stay. Nucleus removed/destroyed
Result- mothers nucleus in donor egg

BPK 306 (18 decks)

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