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Histology > Muscle (*) > Flashcards

Muscle (*) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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2
Q

describe skeletal muscles

A

is composed of large, elongated, multinucleated fibers that show strong, quick, voluntary contractions

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3
Q

describe cardiac muscles

A

composed of irregular branched cells bound together longitudinally by intercalated discs and shows strong, involuntary contractions

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4
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

composed of grouped, fusiform cells with weak, involuntary contractions. The density of intercellular packing seen reflects the small amount of extracellular connective tissue present

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5
Q

An entire skeletal muscle is enclosed within a thick layer of dense connective tissue called the ________

A

epimysium

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6
Q

Large muscles contain several _____ each wrapped in a thin but dense connective tissue layer called the ________

A

fascicles, perimysium

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7
Q

Within fascicles individual muscle fibers (elongated multinuclear cells) are surrounded by a delicate connective tissue layer, the __________

A

endomysium

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8
Q

endomysium, perimesium and epimysium contains _________

A

collagen type I and II

reticulin

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9
Q

a giemsa stain with polarized light can reveal what is muscle?

A

network of capillaries in endomysium surrounding muscle fibers

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10
Q

what is the myotendinous junction?

A

Tendons develop together with skeletal muscles and join muscles to the periosteum of bones. The collagen fibers of a tendon are continuous with those in the connective tissue layers around muscle fibers, forming a strong unit that allows muscle contraction to move the skeleton

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11
Q

________ are cylindrical bundles of thick and thin myofilaments that fill most of each muscle fiber

A

Myofibrils

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12
Q

that each muscle fiber contains several parallel bundles called _________

A

myofibrils.

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13
Q

Each myofibril consists of a long series of ________, separated by Z discs and containing thick and thin filaments that overlap in certain regions.

A

sarcomeres

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14
Q

Thick filaments are bundles of myosin, which span the entire A band and are bound to proteins of the M line and to the Z disc across the I bands by a very large protein called________, which has springlike domains.

A

titin

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15
Q

Thin filaments are actin filaments with one end bound to ________ in the Z disc

A

α-actinin

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16
Q

A thick myofilament contains 200-500 molecules of ______

A

myosin

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17
Q

A thin filament contains ________ _________ and_________

A

F-actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.

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18
Q

Transverse tubules are invaginations of the _________ that penetrate deeply into the muscle fiber around all myofibrils.

A

sarcolemma

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19
Q

what is the rolde of componants of the triad?

A

cyclic release of Ca2+ from the cisternae and its sequestration again that occurs during muscle contraction and relaxation

20
Q

______ _______ -________under acidic conditions reveals slow type oxidative fibers (type I)- darkest. Fast, oxidative-glycolytic (Type IIa) have intermediate staining. Fast, glycolytic fibers (Type IIb) have weakest staining.

A

ATPase enzyme histochemistry

21
Q

in general what is the function of muscle?

A

contraction

22
Q

in general what is the organization of skeletal muscle?

A

fascicles surrounded by connective tissue banding pattern from sacromeres

23
Q

the transverse tubule system is for

A

AP propagation

24
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum is used to ?

A

store calcium

25
Q

what is the mechanism of contraction

A

Sliding filament theory, Calcium

26
Q

innervation icnludes

A

motor neuron, motor end plate, excitation-contraction coupling.

27
Q

name the muscle fibre types and relative stain speed?

A

slow oxidative (Type I), intermediate oxidative-glycolytic (Type IIa), fast, glycolytic (Type IIb).

28
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

fibers consist of separate cells in a series with interdigitating processes where they are held together. These regions of contact are called the intercalated discs, which cross an entire fiber between two cells

29
Q

transverse regions of the steplike intercalated disc have abundant __________

A

desmosomes

30
Q

longitudinal regions of the discs contain many physiologically important ________ ___________

A

gap junctions

31
Q

Transverse regions of the disc have many desmosomes and adherent junctions called ________ __________

A

fascia adherentes

32
Q

the heart is composed of what 3 main things ?

A

endocardium, myocardium and purkinji fibres

33
Q

what does the endocardium consist of?

A

consists of the endothelium, a thin layer of connective tissue with smooth muscle cells, and a layer of variable thickness lacking smooth muscle called the subendocardial layer.

34
Q

The atrial granules contain the precursor of a polypeptide hormone called ______ -_______ -_____

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

35
Q

what does ANF do?

A

targets cells of the kidneys to bring about sodium and water loss

36
Q

what is smooth muscle specialzed for and what is it controlled by?

A

specialized for slow steady contraction and controlled by involuntary mechanisms

37
Q

_______ __________ associated with the basal laminae of smooth muscle cells help hold the cells together as a functional unit during the slow, rhythmic contractions of this tissue

A

Reticulin fibres

38
Q

what are dense bodies?

A

attachment points for intermediate filaments and thin filaments. Associated with adherens junctions in sarcolemma for transmitting tension between neighbouring cells.

39
Q

what is the function of caveolae?

A

regulate release of ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

electrical coupling of cells , form a syncytium

41
Q

where is smooth muscle located ?

A
  1. Viseral organs (digestive tract, urinary tract (bladder).
  2. Respiratory airways (spincters control air flow)
  3. Circulatory system (blood vessel walls, spincters) control blood flow.
42
Q

smooth muscle isnt voluntary, why?

A

lack MEPs

43
Q

what are 3 areas that smooth muscle controls?

A
  1. Nervous: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic.
  2. Hormonal: Adenaline/epinephrine
  3. Physiological conditions : stretch, or local oxygen levels.
44
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

Striated muscle, interwoven network of electrically coupled cells (syncytium). Myogenic and autorhythmic. Highly aerobic.

45
Q

describe smooth muscle

A
  • Non-striated, small fusiform cells which lack T-tubule system and organization of myofilaments. Dense bodies function like Z-disks as well as points for cell to cell contact.
  • Can synthesize ECM.
  • Found in Visceral organs, respiratory tract and blood vessels.

Histology (13 decks)

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