Gut (*)

Question 1

what does the digestive tract include?

Answer 1

The digestive system consists of the tract from the mouth (oral cavity) to the anus, as well as the digestive glands emptying into this tract, primarily the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Question 2

what are the 4 main layers of the small intestine?

Answer 2

1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. muscularis
4. serosa

Question 3

what are the major stomach regions?

Answer 3

1. cardia
2. Fundus
3. body
4. Pylorus

Question 4

how many layers does the muscularis have?

Answer 4

3

Question 5

The mucosa of the stomach wall contains invaginations called _________ _____that lead into gastric glands. These structures are lined by simple columnar epithelium containing five functional cell types.

Answer 5

gastric pits

Question 6

Throughout the ______and body regions of the stomach, the gastric pits lead to gastric glands with various cell types.

Answer 6

fundus

Question 7

a transverse section of gastric glands would show what 3 major cells?

Answer 7

1. Parietal cells
2. Chief cells
3. enteroendocrine cells

Question 8

what are the inner two concetric layers of the gut?

Answer 8

mucosa and submucosa

Question 9

what increases the absorptive area of the small intestine?

Answer 9

mucosa and submucosa forms circulr folds or plicae circulares

Question 10

plicae circulares are covered by _______

Answer 10

villi

Question 11

villus contains lamina propria connective tissue with microvasculature and lymphatics are called what?

Answer 11

lacteals

Question 12

At the apical cell membrane of each enterocyte in the small intestine are located dense ___________, which serve to increase greatly the absorptive surface of the cell

Answer 12

microvilli

Question 13

The apical ends of these cells covering villi are joined and covered by a ________ _________of microvilli

Answer 13

brush border

Question 14

The lining near the openings of the crypts contains a population of stem cells for the entire epithelial lining of the small intestine. Daughter cells slowly move with the growing epithelium out of the crypts, differentiating as what 3 things?

Answer 14

as goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells

Question 15

The villi of the small intestine contain?

Answer 15

blood microvasculature , lymphatic capillaries called lacteals , and both innervation and smooth muscle fibers.

Question 16

Concentrated in the upper duodenum are large masses of compound branched ___________ ____________

Answer 16

mucous glands

Question 17

The muscularis has a typical inner circular layer, but the outer longitudinal muscle is only present in three equally spaced bands, the _______ ________

Answer 17

teniae coli

Question 18

About 90% of saliva is produced by three bilateral pairs of salivary glands?

Answer 18

the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Question 19

________ ________ are typical protein-secreting cells, with rounded nuclei, accumulation of rough ER in the basal third, and an apex filled with protein-rich secretory granules

Answer 19

serous cells

Question 20

The nuclei of ________cells, flattened with condensed chromatin, are located near the bases of the cells

Answer 20

mucous

Question 21

The _________ -_______ are composed of columnar cells with characteristics of ion-transporting cells: basal membrane invaginations with mitochondrial accumulations

Answer 21

striated ducts

Question 22

In the pancreas under the influence of _________, the centroacinar and intercalated duct cells secrete a copious HCO3−-rich fluid that hydrates, flushes, and alkalinizes the enzymatic secretion of the acini

Answer 22

secretin

Question 23

what are pancreatic islets?

Answer 23

clumped masses of pale-staining endocrine cells embedded in the exocrine acinar tissue of the pancreas

Question 24

what are hepatic lobules

Answer 24

• in the liver

- basic functional units of the organ

Question 25

what is the portal triad?

Answer 25

in the liver, the peripheral vessels are grouped in connective tissue of the portal tracts and include a branch of the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the bile duct

Question 26

blood vessels in the portal triad branch as _________________, which run between plates of hepatocytes and drain into the ______ vein

Answer 26

sinusoids, central

Question 27

RER is primarily engaged in synthesis of ________ ________ for release into the perisinusoidal space

Answer 27

plasma proteins

Question 28

What are cholangiocytes?

Answer 28

Near the periphery of each hepatic lobule, many bile canaliculi join with the much larger bile canals of Hering, which are lined by cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 29

what are Kupffer cells?

Answer 29

- specialized stellate macrophages | - detect and phagocytose effete erythrocytes