Muscle Flashcards
What is the longest muscle in the body and how long is it?
Sartorius is about 18-24 inches (from beltline to proximal medial tibia)
Endomysium wraps around _______
muscles
There is no muscle replication and therefore very few muscle _______
cancers
What is the sarcolemma?
the outer membrane of the cell
sarco = flesh
Sport with highest demand of energy?
bike racing
When muscles increase in size the muscle ______ get bigger as well as the ________ __________
cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum
_______ is stored in the liver and also in the muscle
glycogen
What is a form of hemoglobin that is found in muscle cells and is used to carry oxygen?
myoglobin
Does red muscle have higher or lower amounts of myoglobin?
higher
Does white muscle have higher or lower amounts of myoglobin?
lower
Each muscle cell/fiber is surround by what?
endomysium
Muscle cells/fibers are _________
multinucleated
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
a network of tubes for transport and storage of Ca
Connective tissue forms attachments between _______ and _______
muscle
bone
How long can myofibers be?
30cm
Skeletal muscle is ______ ______ muscle
voluntary
striated
What are sarcomeres?
a fundamental unit of skeletal muscle contraction
What are sarcomeres made up of?
myofilaments of actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
The muscle contracts using ______ and ______
Ca
ATP
Sarcomeres are the actual _______ unit
contractile
The muscle returns to resting length after the removal of ___ with ______ muscles
Ca
antagonist
What is myasthenia gravis and what is the first symptom?
autoimmune disease that attacks acetylcholine receptors - first symptom is ptosis of the eyelids
What is acetylcholinesterase?
an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine at synapse
Where are acetylcholine receptors found?
on sarcolemma
Muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers that are surrounded by what?
perimysium
too little tone
flaccid
too much tone
twitchy, cramps, tetany
What is one way to test for muscle tone?
testing reflexes
What are the characteristics of type I (red muscle)
slow twitch
oxidative (aerobic)
high endurance
high myoglobin
postural (anti - gravity)
low force
What are the characteristics of type II (white muscle)
glycolytic (anaerobic)
low endurance
low myoglobin
high force
Muscles that are close to the bone are typically _____ muscle
red
Example of white fiber
bicep
Example of red fiber
brachialis
Stabilizing (muscle roles)
type I fibers
deep
single joint
postural
mobilizing (muscle roles)
type II fibers
superficial
2-joints
ex: gastrocnemius
Agonist
prime mover
Antagonist
opposes agonist
synergist
assists agonist
stabilizer
supports joint at rest or during other movements
Smooth muscle is mostly _______
invlountary
Examples of smooth muscle
blood vessels, alimentary canal, pupils
Cardiac muscle is ______ and _________
striated
involuntary
The resting or baseline rate is set by the _______ and modified by the _______ __________
medulla
autonomic system
Myofibrils consist of repeating units called _________
sarcomeres
A myofilament is a chain of protein molecules found in the _______ of a striated muscle.
myofibrils
Epimysium
external connective tissue sheath of a muscle
Perimysium
the connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers
endomysium
delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles
sarcolemma
the membrane enclosing a striated muscle fiber
Fascicle
small bundle or cluster or muscle fibers
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?
as system of membrane-bound tubules that surrounds muscle fibrils releasing calcium ions during contraction and absorbing them during relaxation
neuromuscular junction
causes thousands of tiny vesicles filled with acetylcholine to be released from the axon tip into the synapse
Hyperplasia
an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ
