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OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body and how long is it?

A

Sartorius is about 18-24 inches (from beltline to proximal medial tibia)

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2
Q

Endomysium wraps around _______

A

muscles

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3
Q

There is no muscle replication and therefore very few muscle _______

A

cancers

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4
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the outer membrane of the cell

sarco = flesh

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5
Q

Sport with highest demand of energy?

A

bike racing

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6
Q

When muscles increase in size the muscle ______ get bigger as well as the ________ __________

A

cells

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

_______ is stored in the liver and also in the muscle

A

glycogen

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8
Q

What is a form of hemoglobin that is found in muscle cells and is used to carry oxygen?

A

myoglobin

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9
Q

Does red muscle have higher or lower amounts of myoglobin?

A

higher

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10
Q

Does white muscle have higher or lower amounts of myoglobin?

A

lower

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11
Q

Each muscle cell/fiber is surround by what?

A

endomysium

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12
Q

Muscle cells/fibers are _________

A

multinucleated

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13
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of tubes for transport and storage of Ca

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14
Q

Connective tissue forms attachments between _______ and _______

A

muscle

bone

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15
Q

How long can myofibers be?

A

30cm

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle is ______ ______ muscle

A

voluntary

striated

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17
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

a fundamental unit of skeletal muscle contraction

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18
Q

What are sarcomeres made up of?

A

myofilaments of actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

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19
Q

The muscle contracts using ______ and ______

A

Ca

ATP

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20
Q

Sarcomeres are the actual _______ unit

A

contractile

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21
Q

The muscle returns to resting length after the removal of ___ with ______ muscles

A

Ca

antagonist

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22
Q

What is myasthenia gravis and what is the first symptom?

A

autoimmune disease that attacks acetylcholine receptors - first symptom is ptosis of the eyelids

23
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase?

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine at synapse

24
Q

Where are acetylcholine receptors found?

A

on sarcolemma

25
Q

Muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers that are surrounded by what?

A

perimysium

26
Q

too little tone

A

flaccid

27
Q

too much tone

A

twitchy, cramps, tetany

28
Q

What is one way to test for muscle tone?

A

testing reflexes

29
Q

What are the characteristics of type I (red muscle)

A

slow twitch

oxidative (aerobic)

high endurance

high myoglobin

postural (anti - gravity)

low force

30
Q

What are the characteristics of type II (white muscle)

A

glycolytic (anaerobic)

low endurance

low myoglobin

high force

31
Q

Muscles that are close to the bone are typically _____ muscle

A

red

32
Q

Example of white fiber

A

bicep

33
Q

Example of red fiber

A

brachialis

34
Q

Stabilizing (muscle roles)

A

type I fibers

deep

single joint

postural

35
Q

mobilizing (muscle roles)

A

type II fibers

superficial

2-joints

ex: gastrocnemius

36
Q

Agonist

A

prime mover

37
Q

Antagonist

A

opposes agonist

38
Q

synergist

A

assists agonist

39
Q

stabilizer

A

supports joint at rest or during other movements

40
Q

Smooth muscle is mostly _______

A

invlountary

41
Q

Examples of smooth muscle

A

blood vessels, alimentary canal, pupils

42
Q

Cardiac muscle is ______ and _________

A

striated

involuntary

43
Q

The resting or baseline rate is set by the _______ and modified by the _______ __________

A

medulla

autonomic system

44
Q

Myofibrils consist of repeating units called _________

A

sarcomeres

45
Q

A myofilament is a chain of protein molecules found in the _______ of a striated muscle.

A

myofibrils

46
Q

Epimysium

A

external connective tissue sheath of a muscle

47
Q

Perimysium

A

the connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

48
Q

endomysium

A

delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles

49
Q

sarcolemma

A

the membrane enclosing a striated muscle fiber

50
Q

Fascicle

A

small bundle or cluster or muscle fibers

51
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what does it do?

A

as system of membrane-bound tubules that surrounds muscle fibrils releasing calcium ions during contraction and absorbing them during relaxation

52
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

causes thousands of tiny vesicles filled with acetylcholine to be released from the axon tip into the synapse

53
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ

OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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