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OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

0
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions

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1
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes and move it along; dependent upon physical activity

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2
Q

What does the digestive system secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes and hormones

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3
Q

How do we absorb nutrients?

A

Via membrane transport

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4
Q

Mucosa Layer

A

Innermost epithelial Layer

Faces the lumen

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5
Q

Submucosa Layer

A

Matrix of fibrous connective tissue embedded with circulatory vessels and billions of neurons
Similar to Skin

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6
Q

Muscularis Layer

A

Circular, longitudinal smooth muscle

Where peristalsis begins

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7
Q

Serosa Layer

A

Connective outer support
Also known as visceral peritoneum
Keeps the alimentary canal in place

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8
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Epithelial with connective support

Secrete lubricating fluids

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9
Q

Peritoneum

A 
Serous Membrane
Single Layer (visceral/parietal)
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11
Q

Retroperitoneum

A

Structures deep to the peritoneum

Not technically within the abdominal cavity

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12
Q

Mesentery

A

Serous Membrane

Double Layer; Neurovascular

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13
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

~25 ft long

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14
Q

How long does it take for food to fully digest?

A

24 to 48 hours

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15
Q

Infection of the Peritoneum

A

Death within 24 to 48 hours

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Area of the upper throat that lies behind the nose

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17
Q

Nasal Mucosa

A

Remove dust and pathogens from the air as it enters through the nose

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18
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Divides nasal cavity into two

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19
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

Also known as turbinates; direct air toward the olfactory epithelium

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20
Q

Tonsils

A

Lymph nodes with the nasopharynx

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21
Q

Auditory (Eustacean) tube

A

Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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22
Q

Hard Palate

A

Hard part of the roof of the mouth

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23
Q

Soft Palate

A

Fleshy extension of the hard palate, stops food/liquids from entering the nasopharynx

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24
Q

Uvula

A

Dangly thing at the back of the mouth

Causes a gag reflex when stimulated

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25
Q

Epiglottis

A

Stops food/liquids from entering the wind pipe when you swallow

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26
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Vibrate during phonation to create sound

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27
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Food must pass through this in order to go from esophagus to stomach

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28
Q

Esophagus

A

Foods/fluids pass through this via peristalsis

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29
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Under mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue

Secrete salivary amylase

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30
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by the salivary glands for breaking down food

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31
Q

How are extrinsic glands connected to the oral cavity?

A

Via the parotid, submandibular and sublingual ducts

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32
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube between the oropharynx and stomach

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33
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

At the esophageal hiatus

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34
Q

Function of the Stomach

A

Mechanically breaks up, liquifies and chemically digests food, proteins and fats

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35
Q

What is the soupy mixture that the stomach creates called?

A

Chyme

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36
Q

What enzymes does the stomach secrete?

A

HCl and proteolytic enzymes

Mucous protects stomach lining from these

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37
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A

Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs and alcohol

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38
Q

What doesn’t the stomach absorb?

A

Nutrients or water

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39
Q

What is the volume of the stomach?

A

1L

40
Q

What is Heartburn?

A

Also known as GERD

When acid touches the cardiac sphincter

41
Q

What causes GERD?

A

Over-eating
Overproduction of acids
Hernia’s

42
Q

How does chyme enter the duodenum?

A

Through the pyloric sphincter

43
Q

Define an ulcer

A

Erosion of epithelial tissue

Painful and often bleeds

44
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

Erosion of Alimentary Mucosa
Irritation by NSAIDS
Esophageal, Gastric and Duodenal

45
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

46
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflamed mucosa

47
Q

Bleeding ulcer

A

Erosion to submucosa

48
Q

Perforating peptic ulcer

A

Erosion through all four layers

Leads too peritonitis and sepsis

49
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Associated with gastric ulcers and cancer which can be cured with antibiotics
50% global incidence; 85% assymptomatic

50
Q

Gastroenteritis causes

A

Bacterial or Viral
Toxins like Ciguatera
Oral-fecal transmission

51
Q

Gastroenteritis Symptoms

A

Diarrhea and vomiting

52
Q

Gastroenteritis treatment

A

Hydration and antimotility drugs

Antibiotics like Cipro

53
Q

Duodenum

A

First 8 inches of small intestine

Receives ducts from Pancreas and Gall Bladder

54
Q

Liver gross anatomy

A

3 lb organ located inferiorly to the diaphragm
4 lobes
Gall bladder adheres to dorsal surface

55
Q

Liver functions

A 
Bile and plasma protein production
Detox
Metabolism
Nutrient Conversion
Stores glycogen, vitamins and minerals
56
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the Gall Bladder

~500-1000mL secreted by liver daily

57
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver from drugs, toxins, infections or trauma

58
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring due to chronic inflammation of the liver

59
Q

Jaundice

A

Bile pigments released into blood resulting in yellow skin/sclera
Side effect of hepatitis

60
Q

Juvenile Jaundice

A

Temporary liver dysfunction at birth

61
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Drains into the liver resulting in all nutrients passing through the liver before going to the heart
Venous return from gastrointestinal tract

62
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Because enteric drugs must pass through the liver they end up being metabolized quickly

Can be bypassed

63
Q

Gall Bladder and Bile

A

10cm Long sac on the underside of the liver
Stores and concentrates bile
Gives color to excrement

64
Q

Bile composition

A

Minerals, bile acids(salts) and pigments(bilirubin), cholesterol and phospholipids

65
Q

Color of Bile

A

Yellow green

66
Q

How is bilirubin made?

A

From hemoglobin breakdown

67
Q

Function of Bile salts/acids

A

Emulsify fats and aid in their digestion

68
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal gland posterior to stomach and adjacent to Duodenum

69
Q

Pancreatic Endocrine function

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon into blood

70
Q

Pancreatic exocrine function

A

Secretes 1500 mL pancreatic juice into duodenum/day

71
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice

A

water, enzymes, zymogens and sodium bicarbonate

72
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Runs the length of the pancreas to open into duodenum

73
Q

Retinopathy

A

Damage to eye vessels due to long term diabetes

74
Q

Difference between Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

A

Type 1 is genetic while Type 2 is acquired as a result of a bad diet

75
Q

3 parts of the small intestine and length of each part

A

Duodenum (10 inches)
Jejunum (8 ft - upper abdomen)
Ileum (12ft - lower abdomen)

76
Q

Where does the small intestine end?

A

At the ileocecal junction with the cecum

77
Q

How does the small intestine have such large surface area?

A

Villi (1 mm tall) and Microvilli (1 micron tall)

78
Q

Function of villi

A

Contain blood vessels and lymphatics for nutrient absorption

79
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

Duodenum: retroperitoneal - receives stomach acids, pancreatic juice and bile
Jejunum and Ileum - add water and enzymes resulting in digestion and uptake of nutrients

80
Q

6 parts of the large intestine

A 
Cecum and appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
81
Q

What ends up in the large intestine?

A

Indigestibles

82
Q

Constipation

A

Colon transit time too slow, too much water absorbed

83
Q

Diarrhea

A

Colonic transit time too fast, not enough water absorbed

84
Q

Motility in the colon

A 
Ambulation critical (gotta walk)
Fiber important
Inhibited by opiates (stops motility)
85
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Remove as much water as possible and leave the salts behind

86
Q

Define Dysentery

A

Pathogenic inflammation of the colon

87
Q

What can cause dysentery?

A

Viruses, bacteria and parasites (amoebic)

88
Q

Symptoms of dysentery

A

Severe diarrhea, fever, cramps and vomiting

Dehydration is major complication

89
Q

Dysentery treatment

A

Cipro, Flagyl, IV fluids and antimotility drugs

90
Q

Define cholera

A

Bacterial infection of the small intestine

91
Q

Define Inflammatory Bowel

A

Chronic inflammation of small intestine and colon (autoimmune)

92
Q

Examples of Inflammatory Bowel

A 
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Ischemic Bowel
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Coeliac Disease (gluten sensitivity)
93
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Outpouchings of colon wall (inflammation)

94
Q

Appendix

A

Attached to cecum

95
Q

Omentum

A

Serous Membrane
4 Layers; Support
Double of the mesentery

OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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