Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

0
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Motility

A

Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes and move it along; dependent upon physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the digestive system secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we absorb nutrients?

A

Via membrane transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mucosa Layer

A

Innermost epithelial Layer

Faces the lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Submucosa Layer

A

Matrix of fibrous connective tissue embedded with circulatory vessels and billions of neurons
Similar to Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscularis Layer

A

Circular, longitudinal smooth muscle

Where peristalsis begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Serosa Layer

A

Connective outer support
Also known as visceral peritoneum
Keeps the alimentary canal in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Epithelial with connective support

Secrete lubricating fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peritoneum

A 
Serous Membrane
Single Layer (visceral/parietal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Retroperitoneum

A

Structures deep to the peritoneum

Not technically within the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mesentery

A

Serous Membrane

Double Layer; Neurovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

~25 ft long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How long does it take for food to fully digest?

A

24 to 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Infection of the Peritoneum

A

Death within 24 to 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Area of the upper throat that lies behind the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nasal Mucosa

A

Remove dust and pathogens from the air as it enters through the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nasal Septum

A

Divides nasal cavity into two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

Also known as turbinates; direct air toward the olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tonsils

A

Lymph nodes with the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Auditory (Eustacean) tube

A

Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hard Palate

A

Hard part of the roof of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Soft Palate

A

Fleshy extension of the hard palate, stops food/liquids from entering the nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Uvula

A

Dangly thing at the back of the mouth

Causes a gag reflex when stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Epiglottis
Stops food/liquids from entering the wind pipe when you swallow
26
Vocal Cords
Vibrate during phonation to create sound
27
Cardiac Sphincter
Food must pass through this in order to go from esophagus to stomach
28
Esophagus
Foods/fluids pass through this via peristalsis
29
Salivary Glands
Under mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue | Secrete salivary amylase
30
Salivary Amylase
Enzyme secreted by the salivary glands for breaking down food
31
How are extrinsic glands connected to the oral cavity?
Via the parotid, submandibular and sublingual ducts
32
Esophagus
Muscular tube between the oropharynx and stomach
33
Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
At the esophageal hiatus
34
Function of the Stomach
Mechanically breaks up, liquifies and chemically digests food, proteins and fats
35
What is the soupy mixture that the stomach creates called?
Chyme
36
What enzymes does the stomach secrete?
HCl and proteolytic enzymes | Mucous protects stomach lining from these
37
What does the stomach absorb?
Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs and alcohol
38
What doesn't the stomach absorb?
Nutrients or water
39
What is the volume of the stomach?
1L
40
What is Heartburn?
Also known as GERD | When acid touches the cardiac sphincter
41
What causes GERD?
Over-eating Overproduction of acids Hernia's
42
How does chyme enter the duodenum?
Through the pyloric sphincter
43
Define an ulcer
Erosion of epithelial tissue | Painful and often bleeds
44
Peptic Ulcer
Erosion of Alimentary Mucosa Irritation by NSAIDS Esophageal, Gastric and Duodenal
45
NSAIDS
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
46
Gastritis
Inflamed mucosa
47
Bleeding ulcer
Erosion to submucosa
48
Perforating peptic ulcer
Erosion through all four layers | Leads too peritonitis and sepsis
49
Helicobacter pylori
Associated with gastric ulcers and cancer which can be cured with antibiotics 50% global incidence; 85% assymptomatic
50
Gastroenteritis causes
Bacterial or Viral Toxins like Ciguatera Oral-fecal transmission
51
Gastroenteritis Symptoms
Diarrhea and vomiting
52
Gastroenteritis treatment
Hydration and antimotility drugs | Antibiotics like Cipro
53
Duodenum
First 8 inches of small intestine | Receives ducts from Pancreas and Gall Bladder
54
Liver gross anatomy
3 lb organ located inferiorly to the diaphragm 4 lobes Gall bladder adheres to dorsal surface
55
Liver functions
``` Bile and plasma protein production Detox Metabolism Nutrient Conversion Stores glycogen, vitamins and minerals ```
56
Where is bile stored?
In the Gall Bladder | ~500-1000mL secreted by liver daily
57
Hepatitis
Inflammation of liver from drugs, toxins, infections or trauma
58
Cirrhosis
Scarring due to chronic inflammation of the liver
59
Jaundice
Bile pigments released into blood resulting in yellow skin/sclera Side effect of hepatitis
60
Juvenile Jaundice
Temporary liver dysfunction at birth
61
Hepatic Portal System
Drains into the liver resulting in all nutrients passing through the liver before going to the heart Venous return from gastrointestinal tract
62
First Pass Effect
Because enteric drugs must pass through the liver they end up being metabolized quickly Can be bypassed
63
Gall Bladder and Bile
10cm Long sac on the underside of the liver Stores and concentrates bile Gives color to excrement
64
Bile composition
Minerals, bile acids(salts) and pigments(bilirubin), cholesterol and phospholipids
65
Color of Bile
Yellow green
66
How is bilirubin made?
From hemoglobin breakdown
67
Function of Bile salts/acids
Emulsify fats and aid in their digestion
68
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland posterior to stomach and adjacent to Duodenum
69
Pancreatic Endocrine function
Secretes insulin and glucagon into blood
70
Pancreatic exocrine function
Secretes 1500 mL pancreatic juice into duodenum/day
71
Composition of pancreatic juice
water, enzymes, zymogens and sodium bicarbonate
72
Pancreatic Duct
Runs the length of the pancreas to open into duodenum
73
Retinopathy
Damage to eye vessels due to long term diabetes
74
Difference between Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 is genetic while Type 2 is acquired as a result of a bad diet
75
3 parts of the small intestine and length of each part
Duodenum (10 inches) Jejunum (8 ft - upper abdomen) Ileum (12ft - lower abdomen)
76
Where does the small intestine end?
At the ileocecal junction with the cecum
77
How does the small intestine have such large surface area?
Villi (1 mm tall) and Microvilli (1 micron tall)
78
Function of villi
Contain blood vessels and lymphatics for nutrient absorption
79
Function of the small intestine
Duodenum: retroperitoneal - receives stomach acids, pancreatic juice and bile Jejunum and Ileum - add water and enzymes resulting in digestion and uptake of nutrients
80
6 parts of the large intestine
``` Cecum and appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum ```
81
What ends up in the large intestine?
Indigestibles
82
Constipation
Colon transit time too slow, too much water absorbed
83
Diarrhea
Colonic transit time too fast, not enough water absorbed
84
Motility in the colon
``` Ambulation critical (gotta walk) Fiber important Inhibited by opiates (stops motility) ```
85
Function of the large intestine
Remove as much water as possible and leave the salts behind
86
Define Dysentery
Pathogenic inflammation of the colon
87
What can cause dysentery?
Viruses, bacteria and parasites (amoebic)
88
Symptoms of dysentery
Severe diarrhea, fever, cramps and vomiting | Dehydration is major complication
89
Dysentery treatment
Cipro, Flagyl, IV fluids and antimotility drugs
90
Define cholera
Bacterial infection of the small intestine
91
Define Inflammatory Bowel
Chronic inflammation of small intestine and colon (autoimmune)
92
Examples of Inflammatory Bowel
``` Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Ischemic Bowel Irritable Bowel Syndrome Coeliac Disease (gluten sensitivity) ```
93
Diverticulosis
Outpouchings of colon wall (inflammation)
94
Appendix
Attached to cecum
95
Omentum
Serous Membrane 4 Layers; Support Double of the mesentery

OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions