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OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

aorta

A

main supply of blood to body

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2
Q

pericardium

A

a sac that surrounds the heart

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3
Q

mediastinum

A

space in the chest cavity between the lungs where the heart is

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4
Q

apex of the heart

A

inferior end which tilts left and tapers to point

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5
Q

epicardium

A

collagen layer covering the heart

also called visceral pericardium

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6
Q

pericardial cavity

A

filled with pericardial fluid

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7
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle

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8
Q

endocardium of the heart

A

covers the inner surfaces of the heart

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9
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

right and left atria - receive blood returning to the heart

right and left ventricles - pump blood into arteries

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10
Q

are ventricles or atrias more muscular?

A

ventricles

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11
Q

pulmonary veins

A

venous blood from lungs

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12
Q

vena cavas

A

venous blood from body

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13
Q

left and right coronary arteries

A

arterial blood to myocardium

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14
Q

artery

A

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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15
Q

vein

A

will carry blood to the heart

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16
Q

tricuspid valve

A

also called right atrial ventricular valve

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17
Q

how many valves of the heart?

A

4

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18
Q

bicuspid valve

A

left side

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19
Q

ischemia

A

lack of oxygen

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20
Q

number 1 cause of heart failure

A

emphysema

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21
Q

diaretic

A

makes you pee. helps to secrete or rid of fluids

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22
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

larynx and above

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23
Q

lower respiratory tract

A 
larynx and below
 thyroid and cricoid cartilage
 trachea
 bronchial tree
 lungs
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24
Q

_______ are more prone to infection

A

coelom (or cavity) same thing

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25
Q

Visceral pleura

A

lining of the lungs

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26
Q

Parietal pleura

A

pleura (shiny) that lines the inner chest walls

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27
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A

a part of the abdominal cavity that lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum and anterior to the transversalis fascia

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28
Q

Parietal pleura is found in the _____ cavity while peritonea is found in the ________.

A

chest

abdomen

29
Q

________ membranes line the organs and cavities which secrete a lubricating fluid to keep everything wet and shiny

A

Serous

30
Q

Adhesions occur if there is not enough ________ __________

A

serous fluid

31
Q

A really large heart

A

congestive heart failure

32
Q

An infection of the visceral lining of the lungs

A

pleural pneumonia (too much fluid in the cavity

33
Q

Epicarditis

A

infection of the epicardium

34
Q

endocarditis

A

infection of the inner surfaces of the heart

35
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

36
Q

Why is the left ventricle so much thicker than the right ventricle?

A

because it pumps blood to the rest of the body where as the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs which are right “next door”

37
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

venous blood from the body

38
Q

Pulmonary trunk goes to the _____ and branches into the left and right ________ arteries

A

lungs

pulmonary

39
Q

LAD

A

left anterior descending (“widow maker) this area supplies the left ventricle and if it is “broken” you die because it pumps blood to the brain

40
Q

What is the purpose of a valve?

A

prevents backflow

41
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

aortic

semilunar

bicuspid

tricuspid

42
Q

Arteriolosclerosis

A

a cardiovascular disease that causes the arteries to become hard therefore they lose elasticity and plaque is deposited here

43
Q

What do people with congestive heart failure usually take?

A

diuretic

digitalis (drug that strengthens the heart)

ACE inhibitor or a BP med

44
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

reduces friction and creates a pressure gradient

45
Q

A dome shaped muscle that flattens when contracted and is innervated by the phrenic nerve

A

diaphragm

46
Q

What is the phrenic nerve innervated by?

A

c3-5

47
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

when the stomach pushes up into the thoracic cavity between the lungs

48
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

a bulge in an artery or blood vessel in the brain

49
Q

_________ is an infectious disease affecting the alveoli which is a leading cause of death

A

pneumonia

50
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

51
Q

Lumen

A

opening of the artery or vein

52
Q

The endothelial layer is also referred to as the ______ ______ which is the internal surface that lines the lumen

A

tunica intima

53
Q

Innermost layer is the _______ to contract and relax

A

muscle

54
Q

Tunica adventitia is the outer layer that connects the ______ in place to other connective tissue/muscle/or bone

A

vessels

55
Q

orthostatic hypertension

A

getting up to fast - fainting

56
Q

What are the largest arteries?

A

aorta and pulmonary trunk (both are elastic)

57
Q

What are arterioles and how big are they?

A

arterioles lead into capillary beds and they are 1mm in diameter

58
Q

Capillaries are tiny and they allow _____ of fluids to the tissues

A

leakage

59
Q

What are capillary sphincters?

A

closes off one space from another -normally closed open when engaged and then they close again

60
Q

What is albumen?

A

the thick substance of blood

61
Q

How much blood is in the body?

A

5L

3L is being circulated at all times

62
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

a vascular drainage system which is separate from the cardiovascular system

63
Q

Where are immune cells found?

A

in the lymphatic system

64
Q

What are the 3 types of immune cells?

A
  1. t cells - recognition of foreign organisms
  2. b cells - production of antibodies
  3. macrophages - ingestion of foreign organisms
65
Q

Lymph nodes filter ______ organisms

A

infectious

66
Q

What produces immune cells and where are they stored?

A

spleen

67
Q

The thymus gland is active in early ______ production

A

t cell

68
Q

What percentage of tissues are being supplied at all times?

A

40%

shunting determines which muscles need the oxygen the most

69
Q

Blood flow order

A

superior and inferior vena cava

right atrium

tricuspid valve

right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

pulmonary artery

lungs

pulmonary vein

left atrium

bicuspid valve

left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

aorta

body

OPTM 5003 - Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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