Mumbai Flashcards
What is population growth like in Mumbai?
- Population growth is rapid and exponential
- Became a megacity in 1985 with a population of 10 million
- Expected to reach over 26 million by 2030
Push factors leading to urbanisation in Mumbai
- Green revolution - increase in use of machinery so farm workers unemployed
- lack of available land
- overcrowding, malnutrition and drought
Pull factors leading to urbanisation in Mumbai
- Stock exchange - headquarters of major companies and TNC’s eg. HSBC
- Universities producing well-educated, English-speaking graduates who obtain well paid jobs
- Vibrant multi-cultural feel - Bollywood
- Better facilities - hospitals, piped water, sewage disposal, electricity
Suburbanisation in Mumbai
- initially began northwards along major transport routes and now in an eastwards direction
- involves growth of residential and new industrial areas in the suburbs
What consequences has suburbanisation had in Mumbai?
- people are economically segregated into those who can afford better housing and those who cannot
- less than 1/3 of the population lives in the ‘island city’ (CBD)
- centre of population density has shifted from island city into suburban Salsette
- increased industrialisation of suburbs - increasing people moving in opposite directions
Counter-urbanisation in Mumbai
- decline in population of central Mumbai over 20 years
- Navi Mumbai is the largest new town in the world, was developed to reduce congestion and population densities in Mumbai
- has a population of 1.1 million and is linked to Mumbai by roads and rails
- extensive bus network, international airport, many software firms eg. international infotech park
What is wealth like in Mumbai?
- richest Indian city with a total wealth of £820 billion
- 46,000 millionaires and 28 billionaires
- Antilia building - valued at £2.2 billion but overlooks Dharavi - close proximity of wealth and poor - polarised
What is economic inequality like in Mumbai?
- around 60% live in slums and only 30% have access to public healthcare
- common outbreaks of malaria and dengue fever
- high infant mortality
- around 5 million have no access to clean drinking water
What is cultural diversity like in Mumbai?
- receives 1000 new migrants per day
- many languages spoken including Marathi (mother tongue) and ‘Bambaiya Hindi’, a blend of English and Marathi reflecting the mixed culture
- many faiths and festivals including gay pride
What is an example of a project being used to regenerate Dharavi?
Dharavi regeneration project - vision Mumbai
- £2 billion
- plans to address infrastructure challenges and improve quality of life
- residents who have lived there since year 2000 get a free home
- aimed to be completed by 2020 but still unfinished
What is physical urban form like in Mumbai?
- Mumbai port - natural harbour where 60% of the country’s cargo is handled - led to the development of the CBD around Salsette island
- port on West coast gives Mumbai access to European countries
- Salsette island - large mangrove swamps where squatter settlements are located
- limited to where it can grow due to creek systems from the Arabian Sea
What is human urban form like in Mumbai?
- Mumbai metro designed to reduce congestion
- Norman Point - financial centre including national stock exchange
- new urban settlements like Navi built to relieve pressure on Mumbai
- Bandra-worli sea bridge links West Mumbai to South Mumbai
Example of a time when Mumbai had issues with urban drainage?
- received 1000mm rainfall in 2005
- more than 400 died, 10,000 homes destroyed, £1.2 billion in losses
- occurred due to rapid urban growth - impermeable surfaces, low lying land, tropical monsoon climate
How is flooding being managed in Mumbai?
- greater Mumbai disaster management action plan created after 2005 floods
- disaster management cell to coordinate relief and rescue efforts, widened Mithi river
- still vulnerable due to removal of mangroves and storm drains clogged with rubbish
What are the causes of problems in urban drainage in Mumbai?
- rapid urban development - got rid of permeable surfaces eg. gardens/mangrove swamps and replaces with roads/infrastructure
- storm drains blocked with litter
- removal of mangrove swamps - decreased friction
- all leads to higher surface runoff, shorter lag time, flashy river
Challenges in Dharavi
- 1 million people in 1 mile^2
- 1000 people per toilet
- poor quality housing and lack of infrastructure
Opportunities in Dharavi
- micro-industries eg. pottery - produces over £650 million per year
- redevelopment project
- 80% plastic is recycled and over 1 million rubbish bags collected each day
Facts about environmental quality in Mumbai
- 1.8 million deaths in 2015 due to industrial pollutants
- 27x recommended particulate levels
- 13/20 cities with the highest PM2.5 levels are in India
What are the environmental issues facing Mumbai?
- 700,000 cars on heavily congested roads
- discards 11,000 tonnes rubbish every day and landfills are overflowing
- nitrogen oxide pollution levels more than 3x the safe limit
What is waste like in Mumbai?
- 3 main waste dumping grounds - many people forced to live here
- 95% waste collected by trucks
- Municipal corporation of Mumbai spends over 10% annual budget on waste disposal
- employs over 35,000
Why is there a growing waste issue in LIC’s?
- lack of money/strategies to manage waste
- bigger priorities eg. healthcare
- too densely populates - lack of space for landfill
What campaign is being used in Mumbai to manage waste?
clean-up Mumbai campaign
- clean streets
- educate local residents about how to recycle and dispose of waste safely to limit environmental damage
What are the causes of water pollution in Mumbai and what are the effects?
- untreated sewage and inadequately treated waste from slums flows into Mithi river
- plastic waste in river
- destroys marine life and causes decline in fishing industry, increase in water bourne illnesses eg. cholera
How is water pollution issue being solved in Mumbai?
Mithi river rejuvenation plan
- cost £60 million
- regular beach clean up drives in Versova - removed over 5.7million kg rubbish
Why is Mumbai so unsustainable?
- traffic congestion
- low access to healthcare/education
- poor waste management
- overcrowding
- loss of mangroves - flooding
