multistore model of memory

Question 1

who pioneered the multistore
model of memory

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 2

what did they do ?

Answer 2

They distinguished the difference between permanent structural features of memory and its control processes

Question 3

what are permanent structural features ?

Answer 3

can’t be altered and the basic memory stores of the brain

Question 4

what are control processes?

Answer 4

conscious decisions about what to attend from out environment how we encode rehearse and retrieve memories - what we pay attention too , past experiences media and schemas

Question 5

what is the definition of encoding ?

Answer 5

changing incoming information (new memory) so that it can be represented or stored in memory , format in which info is saved

Question 6

what is the definition of capacity?

Answer 6

the amount of information that can be stored at a given time

Question 7

what is the definition of retrieval?

Answer 7

recovering ( remembering) information from storage (recall) transferring from LTM to STM

Question 8

what is the definition of duration ?

Answer 8

the length of time information remains within storage

Question 9

how is the sensory register encoded?

Answer 9

via the senses

Question 10

what is the duration of the sensory register ?

Answer 10

milliseconds, can vary slightly for each store

Question 11

what is the capacity of the sensory register ?

Answer 11

potentially very large however most information isn’t remembered due to a lack of attention

Question 12

what happens with age ?

Answer 12

as older duration and capacity begins to decay

Question 13

how is long term memory encoded ?

Answer 13

it is encoded semantically

Question 14

what is the duration of long term memory ?

Answer 14

potentially a lifetime

Question 15

what is the capacity of long term memory

Answer 15

unlimited

Question 16

what happens to recall in long term memory ?

Answer 16

information has to be transferred back to stm

Question 17

how is short term memory encoded ?

Answer 17

it is encoded acoustically

Question 18

what is the duration of short term memory ?

Answer 18

the duration is 15/18-30 seconds

Question 19

what is the capacity of short term memory ?

Answer 19

7plus/ -2 or 5-9 items

Question 20

how can duration be extended ?

Answer 20

it can be extended through rehearsal if rehearsed for long enough it goes into LTM

Question 21

what did Miller (1956) introduce to increase capacity?
How is it useful ?

Answer 21

‘ chunking’ - 5-9 items can be held at any one time increasing the capacity
useful for remembering things like a stroke
Face Arm Speech Time

Question 22

what happened to KF ?

Answer 22

he was in a motorcycle accident

Question 23

how does KF contradict the model ?

Answer 23

memory of digits was poor when read out to him ( acoustically) however, when looking at them ( visualy) , memory improved.
shows msm is to simplistic , only accounts for acoustically encoded and stm does not account for visual

Question 24

what are flashbulb memories ?

Answer 24

a vivid recollection of a personal/ historically significant memory e.g. 9/11 or Princess Diana death

Question 25

How does it contradict the model ?

Answer 25

the flashbulb memories are easily retrieved without going back into stm and rehearsal. it shows the over emphasis on the role of rehearsal

Question 26

Peterson + Peterson (1959)
what was the aim of the study ?

Answer 26

to investigate the duration of STM and provide empirical evidence for MSM

Question 27

Peterson+ Peterson (1959)
what was the procedure?

Answer 27

a lab experiment, 24 patients (psychology students) had to recall trigrams to prevent rehearsal ppts were asked to count backwards from 3’s or 4’s from a specific random number until they saw the red light appear. Brown peterson technique asked to recall nonsense trigrams after 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds

Question 28

Peterson + Peterson (1959)
what were the findings?

Answer 28

the longer the interval delay the less trigrams were recalled participants were able to recall 80% of trigrams after a 3 second delay. However, after 15 seconds less than 10% of trigrams were recalled correctly.

Question 29

Peterson + Peterson (1959)
what was the conclusion ?

Answer 29

STM has a limited duration when rehearsal is prevented. this information is lost from STM due to trace decay. STM is different to LTM in terms of duration. supporting MSM

Question 30

Glanzer + Cunitz
what was the experiment?

Answer 30

Two groups of participants were given the same lists of words. one group recalled the words immediately after presentation, while other groups recalled the words after waiting 30 seconds. these participants had to count backwards in 3’s ( brown peterson technique) which prevented rehearsal and caused recency effect to dissapear

Question 31

Glanzer+ Cunitz
what were the findings?

Answer 31

words at end of list are only remembered if recalled first and tested immediately. delaying recall by 30secs prevented recency effect

Question 32

Glanzer + Cunitz
what were the conclusions?

Answer 32

words at start of list are only remembered as rehearsed = primacy effect
last words = recency effect