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DT 5B > Multiple choice questions > Flashcards

Multiple choice questions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe brand identity

A

Brands communicate to consumers concepts and values about the product, and distinguish a product from its competitors.

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2
Q

What is the Break-even point?

A

the point of balance between profit and loss. It represents the number of sales of a product required to cover the total costs

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3
Q

What are the pricing strategies?

A
  • Price-minus: determine a maximum price that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service (production and pricing is based on this)
  • Retail price: the price suggested by the manufacturer
  • Wholesale price: The wholesale price is higher than the manufacturer’s price, but lower than the retail price.
  • Typical manufacturing price: manufacturing cost + profit margin
  • Target costs: price is determined before production, then manufacture is made within this cost.
  • Return on investment: percentage of profit made by a product (used to compare investments)
  • Unit cost: The costs a company incurs to produce, store, and sell one item.
  • Sales volume: the number of products sold within a specific time.
  • Financial return: the final profit of a product
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4
Q

What is Embodied Energy in a product?

A

The sum of all energy needed to produce and maintain a product or service. Used to understand the impact of the product.

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5
Q

Green design vs Eco design

A
  • Green design: re-engineering of a design to reduce its environmental impact and increase its sustainability.
  • Eco-design: more than just using green materials–it considers the entire lifecycle of the product and its impacts.
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6
Q

Cradle to cradle design

A

Minimizes the environmental impact from manufacture to end. At its best, it allows for a product to “re-enter” the cycle as a new product. Circular economy.

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7
Q

Cradle to grave design

A

Linear system that produces waste.

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8
Q

Different types of CAD

A
  • Digital Humans: simulations of the biomechanics of the human body. Used to predict human interactions.
  • Motion Capture: the movements of a human are captured and then mapped to a digital model.
  • Haptic technology: use the sense of touch to provide feedback to the user (e.g. vibration when pressing home button).
  • Virtual Reality: create a virtual environment where the user can interact with it in a realistic way. Rely on wearable and haptic technologies to provide feedback.
  • Animation: used to simulate a process and determine efficiency of a layout.
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9
Q

What type of resin is used for fiberglass?

A

Polyester resin

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10
Q

What are the types of rapid prototyping?

A
  • Fused deposition modeling: the laying down of thin layers of material, usually a type of plastic. The filament is heated in a nozzle and then “drawn” on layer by layer.
  • Stereolithography: selectively curing a thin layer of liquid resin with a laser. A laser heats selected areas of the resin, turning it into a solid.
  • Laminated Object Manufacturing: layers of plastic, metal, or paper are cut with a laser and then stacked on top of each other with an adhesive.
  • Selective Laser Sintering: a CO2 laser fuses powder, layer by layer, to create a 3D form.
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11
Q

What is field research?

A

Takes place in the user’s environment, where they use or interact with a product. Reliable as it is based on reality.

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12
Q

What is method of extremes?

A

Designing for the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles to ensure that a greater number of users’ needs will be met.

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13
Q

What are observation and user trials?

A

A trial where the user uses the product & the expert observes.

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14
Q

Define interviews and focus groups

A

Gather users opinions about a product or service, usually face to face.

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15
Q

What are questionnaires?

A

structured sets of questions used to focus responses. They can be done face to face, on paper, or through an online form.

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16
Q

What is an affinity diagram?

A

A graphic organizing tool that helps to identify common themes and key facts.

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17
Q

Paper Prototyping and usability testing

A

Giving the user a prototype of the product and observing how they use it.

18
Q

Natural Environment and Usability testing

A

Natural Environment research involves the client using the product in the environment in which it is intended.

Usability Laboratories are specialized places where user testing takes place. Typically focus on ergonomics and health/safety.

19
Q

What is design for manufacture?

A

Is focused on optimizing the manufacture of the design, takes the form of reducing waste, costs, labor, and production time:
- Design for materials: consider the availability, cost, impact and properties of materials.
- Design for process: consider type of production system, joints, reduced time and errors.
- Design for assembly: primarily focused on reducing the cost of assembly. These costs would include costs related to parts and labor.
- Design for disassembly: Designing a product so that materials ate repurposed or recycled.

20
Q

Describe Triple Bottom Line

A

A framework that incorporates three measures:
- social (quality of life, equity and access to social resources, mental and physical health)
- environmental (air and water quality, energy consumption, waste, use of natural resources)
- financial (income levels, taxes, business climate)

Also known as the 3 P’s: People, Planet, Profit.

21
Q

What are the 4 Ps?

A

Product - features, quality, packaging, branding, etc, that define the product.
Place - where and how the product will be distributed and sold.
Promotion - method of informing current and potential customers of the availability of a product. Converting interest into actual sales.
Price - amount of money a consumer pays to purchase a product. Determines whether a product will generate profit

22
Q

What is tempering?

A

Improving the hardness and elasticity of metal by reheating and then cooling it.

23
Q

What are the types of quality management?

A
  • Quality control: to produce the same part repeatedly with minimum or no waste, by avoiding defects through the use of tolerances (allowable variations)
  • Quality assurance: to set standards of quality for all stages, beginning with the raw materials, throughout the delivery of the product
  • Statistical Process control: measuring aspects of a product or process in order to identify inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement.
24
Q

What is piezoelectricity?

A

The ability to release an electric charge when deformed, through an increase in volume or vibration

25
Q

What is shape memory?

A

Allows the body to return to its original shape after deforming due to a change in temperature or the application of an electrical current.

26
Q

What is photocromacity?

A

The ability to change color when exposed to light.

27
Q

What is Magneto-rheostaticity?

A

Fluids that undergo a change in their viscosity when a magnetic force is applied.

28
Q

What is Electro-rheostaticity?

A

Fluids that undergo a change in their viscosity when an electrical force is applied.

29
Q

What is thermoelectricity?

A

Two different conductors, that when joined together generate electricity when heat is applied.

30
Q

What is the influence of grains in metal properties?

A
  • Large/coarse grains: formed through slow coolinng (higher tensile strength, toughness, ductility and malleability)
  • Small grains: fast cooling (lower strength, ductility and toughness, but higher brittleness)
30
Q

What is the influence of grains in metal properties?

A
  • Large/coarse grains: formed through slow coolinng (higher tensile strength, toughness, ductility and malleability)
  • Small grains: fast cooling (lower strength, ductility and toughness, but higher brittleness)
31
Q

Describe Product life cycle

A

By understanding the 4 stages of a products life cycle launch, growth, maturity and decline, manufacturers can make strategic decisions like when to launch a new version.

32
Q

Explain each stage of a product life cycle

A
  1. Launch: Only innovators are aware, low sales, little competition, more marketing effort needed.
  2. Growth: Early adopters begin to use the product, sales begin to grow, competing products are introduced, reducing profits.
  3. Maturity: many competitors, product differentiation strategies, only efficient companies are able to carry on from this stage. Few new companies in market as profits are low.
  4. Decline: Sales and profits drop sharply, the public abandons the product. An advanced technology may replace the product.
33
Q

Explain each stage of a product life cycle

A
  1. Launch: Only innovators are aware, low sales, little competition, more marketing effort needed.
  2. Growth: Early adopters begin to use the product, sales begin to grow, competing products are introduced, reducing profits.
  3. Maturity: many competitors, product differentiation strategies, only efficient companies are able to carry on from this stage. Few new companies in market as profits are low.
  4. Decline: Sales and profits drop sharply, the public abandons the product. An advanced technology may replace the product.
34
Q

What is relative advantage?

A

the extent to which a design is more efficient, affordable, easier to use, etc, than designs that came before it.

35
Q

What is a good user interface?

A

Product and its actions are easy to access, understand, and use. Unnecessary elements are avoided and there is consistency.

36
Q

Types of automated systems

A

CNC: machine tools that cut or move material as programmed on the controller
CAD: technology for design and technical documentation
CAM: the use of software and computer-controlled machinery to automate a manufacturing process.
M2M: automated applications which involve machines or devices communicating through a network without human intervention.

37
Q

What are end-of-pipe technologies?

A

Methods used to remove contaminants from air, water, waste, product, or similar. Implemented at the end of manufacture, before the stream is disposed.
Expensive, effective once damage has occurred.
- filtering plants, wastewater treatment plants, carbon capture

38
Q

Combined heat and power

A

An efficient and clean approach to generate electric power and useful thermal energy from a single fuel source

39
Q

What is a loner inventor

A

An individual committed to the invention of a novel product, usually working outside an organization.

40
Q

What is a product champion

A

an influential individual within an organization, who develops enthusiasm for a particular idea and “champions” it

41
Q

What is an entrepenours

A

an influential individual that can take an invention into the market

DT 5B (4 decks)

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