Multi Store Model Of Memory Flashcards
Sensory store capacity duration and encoding
Cap: 9-18 items
Duration: less than one second
Encoding: modality specific–> depends on stimulus
Types of modality specific encoding
Olfactory-smell
Iconic-eyes
Echocic-hearing
Gustatory-taste
Haptic-touch
Short term memory capacity duration encoding
Capacity: around seven items
Duration colon up to 30 seconds
Encoding: acoustic
Long-term memory capacity duration encoding
Capacity: on limitless capacity
Duration: years or even a lifetime
Encoding:semantic- has meaning
How to move between each store
If you pay attention to the sensory store the information moves to shorter memory if you don’t do maintenance rehearsal information is lost or forgotten if maintenance rehearsal occurs a transfers into long-term memory where you forget it eventually when you die
What is primacy and recency effect?
Primary effect is the first thing you learn
Recency effect is the last thing you learn
Bradley: evidence for how the information is coded into short term memory and long-term memory
Aim: to test the effect of acoustic and semantically similar sounding words on STM and LTM
Procedure: 75 participants split into four groups one of four words lists repeated four times these were either recalled immediately or after 20 minutes when they had performed a task
List a had acoustically similar words b had acoustically dissimilar words c semantically similar words d had semantically dissimilar words
Bradley: findings and conclusion
For short term memory list A acoustically similar words perform the worst at 10% recall other lists had 60% to 80% recall. Long-term memory after 20 minutes list C perform the worst only 55% other lists 70% to 85%
Conclusion: short term memory encodes information acoustically because memory recall is harder when information is acoustically similar this can get easily confused in short term memory hence poorer memory long term memory encodes information semantically because memory recall is lower it can get easily confused in short term memory hence pour a memory for semantically similar
Evaluation of Bradley
Sampling: small sample group size included diverse groups e.g different genders different ethnic groups
Ethnocentric: and a controlled environment can be applied to different cultures mainly done on Americans might not give same results
Reliability: we can repeat the study
Validity: lab environment controlled environment but don’t replicate the real world would work in different time periods controlled environment might not give the same results can be repeated not influenced by other variables
Ethics: good no one was harmed everyone knew what was going on
Real life applications: useful and education
Peterson and Peterson:short term memory duration
Procedure: participants shown trigrams with three nonsensical
letters they were then asked to count backwards from 100/200/300 in 3s to stop maintenance rehearsal in different amounts of times ranging from 3 seconds to 30 seconds
Findings: less people remember correctly after longer interval how to record as intervals get longer after 18 seconds less than 10% of people remember correctly
Conclusion: provides evidence for multi-store model however they didn’t have a big sample but it was an elapsetting so can control variables however doesn’t represent real-life situations can be easily replicated can be applied to real life in schooling
Bahrick: long-term memory
Procedure: long term memory master lifetime as bahrick as people to record their peers in high school after 15 and 48 years
Findings: after 15 years 90% of people had accuracy with face and names free recall had dropped a 60% after 48 years 80% accuracy for name and face recognition 60% able to match name and face together free recall was just 30% accurate this suggests long-term memory can store information for a long time but if we recall becomes more difficult
We have good recall for names as we do for faces meaning verbal and visual recall are of a similar level however we perform best on recognition tasks this implies we can store a lot of information in our long-term memory but are not always able to access it when given a clue we are able to retrieve this information
Sperling:capacity procedure
Am: to investigate that the century memory store exists
Procedure: tested people’s vision using a tachistoscope which flashes pictorial stimuli onto a black screen for brief instances he asked her subjects to remember as many letters as they called from a grid of 12 they could recall for items before the great faded from their memory he then played three tones high medium low he again showed the grid for 50 seconds when the grid disappeared one of the tones played which corresponded to a row e.g high note equals top row people weren’t aware of the know they were received
Sperling findings and conclusion
Finding: in the first condition people could recall up to four of the symbols before the grid faded from their sensory memory they typically reported seeing a lot more than they had time to report for the second condition on average people record three to four symbols from any row this suggests that the iconic store can return approximately 76% of all data received this study shows that the sensory memory exists and can retain information after the original stimulus has ceased
Jacobs short term memory capacity
Procedure: got participants to repeat back as string of numbers or letters in the same order it was said the number of numbers /digits were increased gradually until participants could no longer record the sequence
Findings: on average can span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 digits it supports millers notion of 7+/-2 capacity
Conclusion: it can hold 7+/-2 items on average can’t store many items different variables can affect how many people can remember
What is chunking?
Breaking down large tasks or information into smaller more memorable pieces so it’s easier to recall
Evaluation of capacity research
Pluses: improves memory can be applied to real life circumstances supporting evidence for multistore model of memory it’s reliable and is a lab experiment so no extraneous variables cause and effect is valid
Negative: simplistic different variables can affect the experiment like age unable to conclude exact short-term memory as he did say how large each chunk was other sociologists disagreed whether it’s analysis saying he overestimated
