Multi-Store-Model (AO1) Flashcards
Describe the MSM
- environmental input goes into sensory register
- then info is either forgotten or if you pay attention then it goes into the short-term memory
- to remain in the STM you must do maintenance rehearsal or you can recall info
- for information to transfer to the long-term memory you must do elaborative rehearsal
- once in the LTM info is either forgotten or can transfer back into the STM through retrieval
What is capacity?
refers to the amount of info that can be held in a memory stores
What is duration?
refers to how long info lasts in each memory store
What is coding?
refers to the format in which info is stored in the different memory stores
Capacity of the Sensory Register
potentially unlimited (millions of receptors)
Duration of the Sensory Register
very brief (less than half a second)
Coding of the Sensory Register
raw (no processing)
Capacity of the STM
7 +/- 2
Duration of STM
18-30 seconds
Coding of STM
acoustic
Capacity of LTM
potentially unlimited
Duration of LTM
potentially a life time
Coding of LTM
semantic (the meaning of smth)
What is the Sensory Register?
SR is the entry point for all incoming sensory information
- there is a SR for each sense
- very little of what goes into SR passes further unless you pay attention
What is the Short-Term Memory?
It’s a limited capacity store where information is recalled from
What is the Long-Term Memory?
Where a potentially unlimited amount of info is stored for a potentially unlimited amount of time until it needs to be retrieved
Sperling - describe experiment
Capacity of Sensory Register
- showed ppts 12 letters on a screen for 50 milliseconds (in a 3x4 table)
- ppts had to recall letters from a row when tone sounded
- high tone = top row etc.
(sperling = squares)
Sperling - results
- when 50 milliseconds recall = 100%
- when delay was more than 1/4 of a second ppts struggled to recall
shows SR capacity is potentially unlimited but SR duration is very brief
Jacobs - describe experiment
Capacity of STM
- 443 female ppts asked to read digits/words + then recall them out loud
- number of digits increased each time (like a pyramid)
(jacobs = jenga
jacobs = jacobs ladder)
Jacobs - results
- when ppts would incorrectly recall a digit/word this determined their digit span
- average was 5-9 (7 +/-2)
shows STM capacity is 7 +/-2
Peterson & Peterson - describe experiment
Duration of STM
- 24 student ppts took part in eight trials
- each trial they were shown a triagram followed by the distractor task of counting back in 3s (to prevent rehearsal)
- each trial increased from 3 seconds up to 24 seconds
(letters & numbers
ZFG 781
RTV 432)
Peterson & Peterson - results
- when distractor task lasted over 18 seconds ppts struggled to recall the triagram
shows STM duration is about 18 seconds
Bahrick - describe experiment
Duration of LTM
- 392 american ppts aged between 17-74 took part in 2 tasks
- photo recognition from skl yearbooks
- free recall test of students in their graduating class
(baaahh, I recognise them!)
Bahrick - results
- 15 years after graduation, recognition was 90% and recall was 60%
- 48 years after graduation, recognition was 78% and recall was 30%
shows LTM duration is potentially a life time/unlimited
Baddeley - describe experiment
Coding of STM + LTM
- 20 ppts were shown four lists of words
- list 1 was acoustically similar (cat,bat,rat)
- list 2 was acoustically dissimilar (tree,rug)
- list 3 was semantically similar (big,huge)
- list 4 was semantically dissimilar (pig,car)
- they were asked to recall the lists straight away + then 20 mins later
(baddeley, maddeley, paddeley)
Baddeley - results
- immediate recall was better for list 2 (ad) than list 1 (as), little difference between 3/4
- 20 min delay recall better for list 4 (sd) than list 3 (ss), little difference between 1/2
shows recall of acoustically similar words was worse from STM + recall of semantically similar words was worse from LTM
= we code acoustically from STM vs. semantically from LTM
