Forgetting - Retrieval Failure (AO1) Flashcards
What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?
+ who created it?
Tulving’s ESP states that if a cue available at encoding of a memory is absent during retrieval there will be some forgetting - this is known as retrieval failure
What are the 2 types of cues?
External & Internal cues are linked to the memory in a meaningful way + help you to remember more info
What type of forgetting are INternal cues?
state-dependent forgetting
What type of forgetting are EXternal cues?
context-dependent forgetting
Who investigated State-Dependent forgetting?
Goodwin et al (1960)
When does state-dependent forgetting Occur?
when your mood or physiological state during recall is different from when you were learning the information (internal factors)
What was the Procedure of goodwin et al’s study?
48 male medical students took part in 2 days of testing
Group 1 - SS
Group 2 - AA
Group 3 - AS
Group 4 - SA
(sober/alcohol)
they had to perform 4 tasks each day, incl. word-association and picture recognition
What were the Findings of goodwin et al’s study?
- SS condition performed the best across all tasks
- recall was best when the same internal state was replicated across both days (AA & SS)
i.e if you learn smth drunk you’ll recall it better when drunk!
Who investigated Context-Dependent forgetting?
Godden & Baddeley (1975)
When does context-dependent forgetting Occur?
when the environment you are in during recall is different from where you were when learning (external factors)
What was the Procedure of godden & baddeley’s study?
divers learned a list of words and then were asked to recall the words
- LL
- UU
- LU
- UL
(learn & recall land/underwater)
What were the Findings of godden & baddeley’s study?
- LL & UU had best recall
- LL recall = 40% accurate
- LU recall = 20% accurate
- external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall and this led to retrieval failure
