Mtabolism II Flashcards
concentration gradients contain what?
stored or potential energy.
The e- transport chain made up of cytochromes is located where?
The plasma membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane or eukaryotes.
what molecules provide e- to the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
The successive oxidation and reduction of cytochromes causes them to ___________ out _________ to the other side of the membrane and generates a ______________ or _____________
Pump
H+
Proton motive force/ concentration gradient.
In _______________ pmf generates energy via _______________.
chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation
What are the 4 important krebs cycle intermediates?
Pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citric acid
can glycolysis still be preformed without O2, if so How?
yes, the final e- acceptor will ether be another inorganic molecule such as nitrate, sulfate or carbonate (anaerobic resp.) or the final e- will be an organic molecule (fermentation).
Fermentaion produces little ATP and uses ___________ to add e- to the final acceptor to create __________ and ________ __________.
NADH
End products
regenerate
NAD+
in fermentation why is the regeneration of NAD+ necessary?
NAD+ carries e- to the final organic electron acceptor, without available e- carriers glycolysis cannot continue.
what is the difference between NAD+ and FAD?
they both do the same thing, but they have a different molecular structure.
What are the 2 types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation/ Ethanol fermentation
Lactic Acid fermentation.
Anaerobic resp. and Aerobic resp. are both considered _______________.
types of respiration
what is the maxiumum amount of ATP that can be obtained from glucose under perfect conditions?
38 ATP
if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is NO3- what will be the products?
NO2- (nitrogen dioxide), N2- nitrogen gas, H2O
if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is SO42- what will be the products?
H2S (hydrogen sulfide), and H2O
if the final e- acceptor in anaerobic resp. is CO32- what will be the products?
CH4 and H2O
Why is the ATP yeild lower in anaerobic respiration vs. aerobic respiration?
because only part of the krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions.
Chemiosmosis
When water is being produced by a concentration gradient developed by the pumping of protons as e- are passed down the ETC; process by which H2Ois formed as a waste product during the making of ATP. Oxidative phos. happens because chemiosmosis.
Fermentation causes the ___________ of food.
spoilage
fermentation is used to….
create alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products.
Fermentation can also be considered to be ________________
any large scale microbial process occurring with or without air. (common def. used in industry.)
scientific definition of fermentation
uses an organic molecule as the final e- carrier
does not use the krebs cycle or ETC
Energy yield low
Diversity of end products
Fermentation is a type of ____________.
anaerobic respiration
what is the purpose of AR or Ferm.
cells which cannot utilize or tolerate oxygen need a way to produce ATP to stay alive.
Where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm of both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Where does the intermediary step between glycolysis and the krebs cycle occur?
in the cytoplasm of both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Where does the krebs cycle occur?
in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.
Where does the ETC occur?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes
in the glycolysis pathway how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced?
2 ATP, 2 NADH and 0 FADH2
in the krebs cycle pathway how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced?
2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH
what is the total amount of ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation?
4
What is the total number of NADH produced during glycolysis and krebs cycle?
10
2 from glycolysis and 8 from krebs cycle
How much ATP is produced from NADH molecule?
3 ATP
How much ATP can be made by 10 NADH molecules?
30 = 10 NADH x 3 ATP per NADH
How much ATP is produced from FADH2 molecule?
2 ATP
How much ATP can be made by 2 FADH2 molecules?
4 = 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP per FADH2
How much ATP is produced from oxidative phosphorylation?
34
Proteins, carbs and lipids are all ____________.
sources of e- for cellular respiration; they are brokendown into monomers that enter Cellular respiration at different pathways.
lipids can produce more ATP than glucose because
lipids contain more carbon
amylose
starch/polysaccharide
amylases
digest starch
Cellulase
digests cellulose; only bacteria and fungi have this enzyme
Extra cellular proteases
break down protein into amino acids
Deamination
removal of an amino group
Cecaroboxylation
removal of a carboxyl group
dehydrogenation
removal of hydrogen
Desulfurylation
removal of sulfur
An amino acid must undergo Deamination, Decarboxylation, Dehydrogenation and Desulfurlyation to….
create an organic acid which can be used in the krebs cycle.
Different species of microbes produce different enzymes ______________ help to identify a microbe by detecting the enzymes it produces.
biochemical tests
Fermentation tests
a type of biochemical test used to identify a species by the enzymes it produces
Mannitol fermentation
fermentation of the sugar mannitol, can be used in a fermentation test.
chemoheterotrophs
use the same organic compound as energy sorce and carbon source. Most medically important bacteria.
chemoheterotrophs can be further divided into _____________ and _____________.
Saprophytes (like decaying organic matter)
Parasites (prefer a living host)
Photoautotroph
gets energy from light and carbon from CO2
Chemoautotroph
gets energy from inorganic chemicals and sources carbon from CO2
Photoheterotroph
get energy from light and carbon from organic chemicals
bacteria have the biggest range of ______________ ___________
metabolic diversity
Summarize the the integration of metabolic pathways using peptidoglycan synthesis as an example.
Catabolic pathways break down glucose into ATP energy and Other catabolic pathways and intermediates provide monomers NAG and NAM. the bacteria has anabolic pathways which use ATP energy and monomers from catabolic processes.
