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Microbiology > Introduction to microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How are some ways that microbes help us?

A
  1. decomposing organic waste
  2. performing photosynthesis
  3. producing ethanol, acetone, vinegar, cheese, bread, . . .
  4. producing insulin and many other drugs
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2
Q

How do microbes harm us?

A
  1. By causing disease
  2. Food spoilage
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3
Q

Who established the system of scientific
nomenclature and in what year?

A
  • Carolus Linnaeus
  • 1739
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4
Q

How many names does each organism have? what is this refered to?

A
  • 2 names
  • Binomial nomenclature
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5
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A
  • Genus and specific epithet (species)
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6
Q

How do you write down an organism’s name using binomial nomenclature?

A
  • The name needs to be italicized or underlined
  • Genus is capitalized and species is not
  • The name is latinized so it can be used world wide
  • The name may be descriptive or honor a scientist
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7
Q

Examples of binomial nomeclature?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)
  • Escherichia coli (E.coli)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae)
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8
Q

staphylo-

A

Describes the clustered arrangement of cells

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9
Q

aur-

A

describes the golden color of the bacterial colonies.

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10
Q

break down the name of staphylococcus aureus.

A

Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells (staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies
(aur-).

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11
Q

Break down the name E.coli

A

Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat–the large intestine or colon.

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12
Q

What are the 8 different types of microorganisms?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Algae
  6. Viruses
  7. Multicellular animal parasites
  8. Prions
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13
Q

What symbol is thought to be inspired by a method of extracting guinea worms from a patient?

A

The rod of Asclepius

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14
Q

Who developed the idea of the 3 domains of life?

A

Carl Woese

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15
Q

What are the 3 Domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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16
Q

What forms of life are considered eukarya

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Plants
  4. Animals
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17
Q

are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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18
Q

What are the cell walls of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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19
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

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20
Q

How do bacteria get their energy?

A

by use of:

  • organic chemicals
  • inorganic chemicals
  • photosynthesis
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21
Q

are archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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22
Q

What differentiates archaea from bacteria?

A

they do not have peptidogylcan cell walls

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23
Q

What is unique abot archaea?

A

they live in extreme enviornments

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24
Q

What are some different types of archaea?

A
  1. Methanogens: like to live where there are high concentrations of methane gas
  2. Extreme halophiles: like to live in super salty enviornments like, salt lakes and the dead sea
  3. Extreme thermophiles: like to live in really high temperature enviornments like undersea thermal vents
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25
Q

Are fungus/fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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26
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

Chitin

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27
Q

How do fungi get the nutrients they need?

A

they live in their food and absorb the organic chemicals for energy.

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28
Q

Molds and mushrooms are ___________. consisting of masses of ___________ which are composed of filaments called __________.

A
  • multicellular
  • mycelia
  • hyphae
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29
Q

yeasts are __________ organisms.

A

unicellular

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30
Q

protozoans/protozoa are considered to be eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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31
Q

how do protozoa get their energy?

A

they absorb or ingest organic chemicals

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32
Q

protozoa can be _________. what part of their anatomy gives them this ability?

A
  • motile
  • protozoans often have;
  • psuedopods
  • cilia
  • flagella
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33
Q

viruses are considered __________, because they only consist of _____ or _______ in a protein capsule.

A
  • Acellular
  • RNA
  • DNA
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34
Q

RNA or DNA are located in the _______ of the virus.

A

core

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35
Q

the core of a virus is surrounded by a _________. the ___________ may be encolsed in a _____________.

A
  • protein coat
  • protein coat
  • lipid envelope
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36
Q

Viruses can only reproduce inside a ___________. This is one of the reasons they are considered to be ___________.

A
  • living host cell
  • non-living
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37
Q

Multicellular animal parasites are considered to be eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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38
Q

Helminths

A
  • parasitic worms
  • flatworms
  • roundworms
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39
Q

multicellular animal parasites are studied in microbiology because…

A

they can be microscopic in some stages of their life

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40
Q

The ___________ of bacteria were the first form of ____ on this earth.

A
  • Ancestors
  • life
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41
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • Came up with cell theory in 1665
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42
Q

What are the components of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. All cells come from other cells
  3. Cells are the smallest unit of life (they are capable of all life’s functions?)
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43
Q

Anton VanLeeuwenhoek

A
  • is first to observe microscopic organisms in 1673 with a microscope he made.
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44
Q

What were the most important discoveries during the beginning of the science of microbiology?

A
  • Robert Hooke’s discovery of cells and the development of cell theory
  • Anton VanLeeuwenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms
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45
Q

who created the doctrine of spontaneous generation?

A

Aristotle

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46
Q

Doctrine of spontaneous Generation

A

Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

47
Q

Biogenesis

A

Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

48
Q

What happened during the transition period of microbiology?

A

the debate over spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

49
Q

Francesco Redi

A
  • 1668
  • the beginnings of experimental science
  • filled 6 jars with decaying meat
  • three jars were covered with a fine net; no maggots
  • Three open jars; maggots appeared
50
Q

during Francesco Redi’s experiment where did the maggot’s come from?

A

The maggots came from another living thing (flys).

51
Q

In Francesco Redi’s experiment what was the purpose of the covered jars?

A
  • They served as a control
  • The fine nets let air in but kept flys out which addressed the claim that fresh air was needed inorder for maggots to appear.
52
Q

bacteria are composed of a __________ cell.

A
  • single
53
Q

mushrooms are the _________ of the iceberg

A
  • tip
  • mass of hyphe (fillaments) exsist under the mushroom, they absorb nutrients.
54
Q

protozoa can be _______, _______ or ________.

A
  • plant-like
  • animal-like
  • fungis-like
55
Q

an example of a plant-like protozoa?

A
  • algae
56
Q

an example of animal-like protozoa?

A

Euglena; they cause GI illnesses (toxoplasma)

57
Q

an example of a fungis-like protozoa?

A
  • slime mold
58
Q

HIV is a _______ virus.

A

RNA

59
Q

how do viruses reproduce?

A
  • virus enters host’s cell nd uses the cell to make copies
  • the host cell must have a receptor to accept the virus.
60
Q

Multicellular animal parasites _________________.

A
  • suck nutrients out of the host.
61
Q

Francesco Redi’s experiment supported ____________.

A

Biogenesis

62
Q

John Needham

A
  • 1745
  • believed microbes arose from fluids
  • put boiled chicken and corn broth into flasks
  • Microbes began to grow in the flasks
63
Q

Where did the microbes in the flasks of John Needham’s experiment come from?

A
  • Not from the broth but from the flasks themselves.
64
Q

Did John Needham’s experiment with the chicken and corn broth support spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

A
  • Spontaneous generation
65
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A
  • 1765
  • He boiled the nutrient solution inside the flask insted of boiling it and then transfering into a flask
  • As a result no microbes grew in the solution
66
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment supported __________.

A
  • Biogenesis
67
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • 1861
  • demonstrated that microbes are present in the air
  • He put a nutrient rich broth in a flask heated it and did not seal it; microbes grew in the broth
  • He filled another flask with nutrient rich broth, heated it and then sealed it; no microbes grew
  • Created S shaped flask to allow air; no microbe grew supporting the fact that life did not come from the “air”
68
Q

Louis Pasteur’s 1861 experiment supported __________.

A

Biogenesis

69
Q

What time period was considered to be the golden age of microbiology?

A
  • 1857-1914
70
Q

Spontenous generation was disproved by the ________ of microbiology.

A
  • Golden age
71
Q

During the golden age of microbiology…

A
  • spontaneous gneration was disproved
  • microbiology was established as a science
  • Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization
72
Q

What happens when grape juice turns into wine? What happens when the wine turns into vinegar?

A
  • The juice is fermented; yeast creates alcohol
  • Bacteria cause spoilage
  • When the wine comes into contact with air bacteria cause wine spoilage
73
Q

When wine merchants wanted to figure out how to stop wine from turning into vinegar, they approached Luis Pasteur; while working on this issue, pasteur came up with the process of _______________.

A

Pasteurization

74
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • The process of heating liquids to kill microbes without cooking them.
75
Q

Disprovement of spontaneous generation along with the development of pasteurization lead to ____________.

A
  • Germ theory of disease
76
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A
  • 1840’s
  • linked lack of hand sanitation and puerperal fever in obstetric patients.
  • Hospitals fought him
  • His techniqes were not widely adopted
  • He ended up in a mental hospital and died of an infection that he contracted while preforming a surgery.
77
Q

Joseph Lister

A
  • 1860’s
  • came up with antiseptic surgery, based on Pasteur’s and Semmelweis’ findings.
  • used phenol to sanitize hands and equipment
78
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • won nobel prize in 1905
  • his work on anthrax proved the germ theory of disease
  • His procedures become known as Koch’s postulates
  • He developed pure culture technique
79
Q

Vaccinations were invented before ____________. By ____________ and __________

A
  • the golden age of microbiology
  • by Jenner and the chinese
80
Q

Jenner and the smallpox vaccination

A
  • 1796
  • innoculate 8 year old boy with pus from a cowpox lesion and exposed him to a person with smallpox. The boy did not catch smallpox
81
Q

about 100 years after Jenner, Pasteur discovers how vaccinations work…

A
  • (Creation of avirulent strains of bacteria during extended laboratory cultivation; similarity to virulent strains causes immunity)
82
Q

The birth of modern chemotherapy

A
  • 1910 Paul Ehrlich developed salvarsan to treat syphilis
  • 1928 Alexandar Flemming and the first antibiotic
  • 1930 Sulfonamides are invented
83
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A
  • 1910
  • developed a synthetic arsenic drug; salvarsan
  • To treat syphilis
84
Q

Sulfonamides

A

created in 1930s

85
Q

Alexander Flemming

A
  • 1928
  • discovers penicilin, because petridish was contaminated with penicillium colony
86
Q

When did penicillin purification and clinical trials occur?

A
  • 1940s
87
Q

within 100 of the discovery of penicillin certain strains of bacteria have become ___________. They have evolved _________________.

A
  • Antibiotic resistant
  • Antibiotic resistant mechanisms
88
Q

Modern developments in microbiology

A
  • different feilds of study in micro; bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, virology, immunology.
  • Microbial genetics and molecular biology lead to recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering)
89
Q

Microbial Genetics

A

the study of how microbes inherit traits

90
Q

Molecular Biology

A

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis.

The study of how psyological processes happen at a molecular level.

91
Q

Genomics

A

the study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

92
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA made from two different sources

In the 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein

93
Q

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

A
  • 1941
  • Showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes
94
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

A
  • 1944
  • showed that DNA is hereditary material
95
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A
  • 1953
  • proposed a modelfor DNA structure
96
Q

François Jacob and Jacques Monod

A
  • 1961
  • discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
97
Q

Recombinant DNA Technology

A
  • 1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes
  • 1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA is the hereditary material
  • 1953: James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of DNA structure
  • 1961: François Jacob and Jacques Monod discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
98
Q

Normal Microbiota

A
  • Live in and on the human body
  • once known as flora (bacteria were once considered to be plants)
  • Normal microbiota inhibit the growth of pathogens and produce growth factors such ad vitamin K and B
99
Q

When Pathogens overcomethe host’s resistance this causes ___________.

A

Infectious disease

100
Q

What are three concerns in microbiology today?

A
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Bioterrorism
  • EID; (re)emerging infectious diseases
101
Q

EID

A
  • (re)emerging infectious disease
  • MERS, WNE, avian influenza, SARS, BSE, HIV/AIDS, Ebola
102
Q

MERs

A
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
  • a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
103
Q

WNE

A
  • West Nile encephalitis
  • an infection of the brain that is caused by a virus known as the West Nile virus. First identified in Uganda in 1937, the virus is commonly found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. “Encephalitis” means inflammation of the brain.
  • Appeared in New York City in 1999
104
Q

Avian influenza

A
  • Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses have occurred.
  • Influenza A virus (H5N1)
  • Sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet
105
Q

SARs

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained.

106
Q

BSE

A

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent called a prion. The nature of the transmissible agent is not well understood. Currently, the most accepted theory is that the agent is a modified form of a normal protein known as prion protein. For reasons that are not yet understood, the normal prion protein changes into a pathogenic (harmful) form that then damages the central nervous system of cattle.

107
Q

HIV/AIDs

A
  • HIV is a virus that gradually attacks the immune system, which is our body’s natural defence against illness. If a person becomes infected with HIV, they will find it harder to fight off infections and diseases. The virus destroys a type of white blood cell called a T-helper cell and makes copies of itself inside them. T-helper cells are also referred to as CD4 cells.
  • Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • First identified in 1981
  • Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 6,000 new infections every day
  • Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
  • HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 26% are female, and 49% are African American
108
Q

Ebola

A
  • Ebola is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with a strain of Ebola virus.
  • Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
  • Transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids
  • First identified near Ebola River, Congo
  • 2014 outbreak in Guinea; hundreds killed
109
Q
A
110
Q

MRSA

A
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • 1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
  • 1980s: Methicillin resistance
  • 1990s: MRSA resistance to vancomycin reported
  • VISA: Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus
  • VRSA: Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
111
Q

VISA

A

Vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus

112
Q

VRSA

A

Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

113
Q

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

A
  • Toxin-producing strain of E. coli
  • First seen in 1982
  • Leading cause of diarrhea worldwide

Microbiology (13 decks)

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