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Microbiology > MT3 Session 12: Immune system and Vaccine > Flashcards

MT3 Session 12: Immune system and Vaccine Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 WBC lineages of Innate immunity cells

A

myeloid, lymphoid

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2
Q

PMN leukocytes

A

myeloid WBCs:

polymorphonuclear - (lobed nuc) neutrophils - engulf

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3
Q

monocytes

A

myeloid WBCs:

nonlobed (norm) nucleus - macrophages and dentritic - engulf to present antigens on surface

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4
Q

natural killer cells

A

lymphoid WBCs- attack infected cells

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5
Q

B cells

A

lymphoid WBCs - mature in bone marrow

circulate; its plasma cells create anibodies and memory B cells

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6
Q

T cells

A

lymphoid WBCs - mature in thymus

helper T and regulatory T: regulate antibody response

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7
Q

WBC lineages: from hematopoetic stem cells onto

A

-Lymphoid : NK, B& T cells

-myeloid: PNM and monocytes
neutrophils, macrophages/dendritic

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8
Q

nonspecific host defenses

A

barriers - phys, chem
inflammation
phagocytosis

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9
Q

Toll-like receptors

A
  1. trigger cytokine release

2. recognize PAMP (pathogen-assoc molecular patterns) - things that pathogen classes (not species level) generally have

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10
Q

alternative complement pathway

A

structures LIKE LPS triggers a cascade that activates Membrane Attack Complex

pokes pores in target cell

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11
Q

antigen definition

A

anything that causes immune response, usually protein because more RIGID and VARIED in structure and ,so creates MORE SPECIFIC response

is a sum of epitopes

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12
Q

epitope

A

part of an antigen’s 3D structure or linear chain

the antigenic determinant - what one single antibody recognizes

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13
Q

activated antibodies (antigen bound) can trigger

A

complement cascade?

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14
Q

antibody structure

A

heavy/light chains, V/C

carboxyl/amino terminus

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15
Q

number of antigen binding sites/antibody

A

2

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16
Q

number of regions (V/C) in light/heavy

A

L: V L, C L,
H: Vh, Ch1-3

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17
Q

isotypes

A

Immunoglobulins A vs M GDE:

differences in heavy constant chains

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18
Q

idiotype, allotype

A

idiotype: differences in variable regions: enable to attach to different antibodies
allotype: person to person differences in constant regions, esp light chain - not normal classes

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19
Q

Primary&Secondary Ab response:

switch, decay

A

switch: at beginning, a high concentration to IgM switches to a high concentration of IgG
decay: sometime after the concentration of IgM is null, the concentration of IgG starts to decrease - will do so indefinitely if no secondary exposure

20
Q

Primary&Secondary Ab response:

concentration of antibody isotypes

A

primary: increase in IgM, (switch) IgM decline as IgG increase to higher magnitude
secondary: even higher magnitude of IgG, almost identically magnitude bump in IgM

21
Q

Is IgM a circulating antibody, mucosal, or cell surface?

A

circulating as pentameric
AND
cell surface (via Fc constant region in heavy end)

22
Q

Is IgG a circulating antibody, mucosal, or cell surface?

A

circualting - major humoral response

23
Q

humoral response

A

?

24
Q

b cell receptor

A

Immunoglobulin (antibody) anchored to membrane protein of B cell

25
Q

Clonal selection of B cells - mech

A
  1. IDENTIFICATION: antigen binds to a specific B cell receptor
  2. AMPLIFICATION: the whole B cell makes clones
  3. DIFFERENTIATION INTO i) plasma cells that release antibodies ii) memory B cells that can cause a rapid secondary response
26
Q

what do B cells differentiate into?

A

plasma cells, memory B cells

27
Q

generation of diversity of antibodies

A

IN B CELLS (for every variable region- 4 per abody):

DNA: join random D (diversity gene) with random V (variable region) gene
RNA: add 1 random J (joining) gene

add C region (mu or delta)

add other 3 chains

28
Q

MHC

A

= major histocompatibility complex – make cell surface protein

contribute to female choice

29
Q

how many Antigen presenting paths are there?

A

2: MHC I and II

30
Q

MHC I Antigen presentation mechanism

A
  1. foreign protein in cytoplasm is degraded into segments
  2. segment brought into the ER to be attached to MHCI of ER membrane
  3. transport to golgi then to outer membrane

make B cells

31
Q

MHC II Antigen presentation mechanism

A
  1. MHC chain in er becomes own vesicle
  2. microbe is phagocytosed and degraded to make antigens
  3. antigens and mhc fuse, put to cell surface
32
Q

CD (4)

A

cluster of differentiation: cell surface protein on lymphoid cells

33
Q

humoral vs. cell-mediated immunity

A

circulating antibody vs. kill infected cell

34
Q

B cell activation: 2 routes, result

A

route 1: {antibody bind with antigen} + other antibody (2 dif characteristics of 1 antigen=substrate)-> make plasma (secrete IgM) and memories (higher affinity antibodies)

route 2: {abod and agen} bind withMHC of helper T cell-> (isotype switching) -> make plasma and memories

both make killers and B cells with same antigen binding site (SAME RESULT) - theres a redundancy and diversity

35
Q

helper T cells (TsubH) function

A

bind with 1 B to create more plasma and memory cells

36
Q

First vaccine: creator, vs. what?

A

Pasteur - vs. rabies

37
Q

Polio: symptoms, characteristics

A

viral

attack nervous system, may impede breathing

38
Q

what are the only countries that have endemic polio? why?

A

Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan

small vocal minority attacks givers of vaccine because =spy? - CIA used an undercover doctor to confirm OsamabinLaden’s location

39
Q

Strep Pneumoniae capsule function

A

niche: clingy so they aren’t blown away
virulence: protects vs. phagocytosis

40
Q

Why is it hard to find a vaccine for Strep pneumoniae?

A
  1. they have a lot of capsule serotypes (about 100). we only found antis vs. 13
  2. they can switch serotypes by expressing a different kind they posses or by LTG
  3. there’s a selective pressure, so populations of (not the 13 known) increase
41
Q

PCV13

A

pneumococcal conugate vaccine - 13 serotypes

42
Q

gulf war syndrome is either caused by

A

oil fire - toxic

anthrax vaccine- and they were forced to geet it

43
Q

what vaccine surrounds the autism controversy?

A

MMR - mumps, measles, rubella

44
Q

MAC

A

membrane attack complex - what is activated to poke holes in alternative complement pathway

45
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen-assoc molec patterns: what toll-like receptors bind to

Microbiology (8 decks)

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