Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POTH 455 > MT1.2 > Flashcards

MT1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS GLIAL CELL SCARING?

A

Loss of brain cells are replaced by glial cells which impede axon regrowth and produce growth inhibiting molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the penumbra of stoke?

A

zone of mild ishemia in proximity or region of stroke, cells in this area may die of secondary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can secondary cell death be minimized?

A

revascularization and sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens to the BBB in axonic conditions?

A

BBB is dissembled and WBC enter the brain producing inflammation and edema which results in further cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is secondary cell death? how is it caused

A

when brain cells die, they release high amounts of glutamate and oxidative agents which cause for more cells to die via excitotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how come do brain cells die as a result of anoxic conditions?

A

lack of O2 and glucose disregulates ATP and hence activates 3-caspase which leads to apoptosisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what other factors can cause apoptosis?

A

o DNA damage
o Over stimulation (glutamate)
o During normal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some signs associated with mild cerebral hypoxia?

A
  • inattentiveness,
  • poor judgment,
  • memory loss
  • a decrease in motor coordination.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how long can the brain survive in anoxic conditions?

A

cell death begins within 5 minutes of anoxic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the different mechanisms of stoke?

A

ischemic (trombosis, embolism) or hemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what factor may increase risk of blood clots?

A

vascular diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an anyeurism?

A

 abnormal dilation of blood vessels for which pressure causes brain dammage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the problem with AV anastamosis?

A

veins cannot withhold the pressure of the A hence will reupture and cause bleeding and increase presssure in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does a subdural hematoma occur?

A

between dura and arachnoid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what portions of the brain are not contained by the BBB

A
  • area postrema

- posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what types of substances can pass through the BBB?

A

lipid soluble molecules such as heroine and nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what drug is administered to patients with parkinson?

A

Ldopa as it increases dopamine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what forms the tight junctions of the BBB?

A

capillary cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is bovine spongiofrom encephalophathy a result of?

A

abnormal protein that crosses the BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the main function of the BBB

A

prevents direct exchanges from the blood to the ECF and protect from toxins, nTS and antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the main role of CSF ?

A

 Maintains a constant environments for cells of the CNS
 Removes brain metabolites
 Serves as a mechanical cushion
 Allows buoyancy to the brain
 Lymphatic system for the brain
 Allows polypeptide hormones to circulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does CSF exit the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space?

A

enters foramen of magdenie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do A travel in the sc and brain?

A

subaracnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what can neural stem cells divide into?

A

other stem cells or differentiate into any type of cells

26
Q

what can embryonic pre gastula stem cells differentiate into

A

any type of cell

27
Q

what can neuroblasts differentiate into?

A

any type or neural or glial cells

28
Q

what does the ectoderm differentiate into?

A

NS and skin

29
Q

what does the mesoderm differetiate into

A

muscle and bones

30
Q

what does the endoderm differentiate into

A

organs/viscera

31
Q

briefly summerize neurulation?

A

o The nervous systems begins at the center of action known as the primitive streak, development of the nervous system

32
Q

briefly describe gastrulation

A

o Bilaminar disc develops a groove known as the primitive steak and the differentiate into a trilaminar

33
Q

when does segmentation occur? what is it?

A

day 1-3: cell division

34
Q

when does blastulation occur? what is it

A

day 4-6 creation of blastula; cell differentiation

35
Q

what happens during implantation?

A

day 6-10: blastula is implanted in the uterine wall. outer layer becomes placenta, inner layer foeutus

36
Q

what does ectodermal cells differentiate into?

A

neurons and non neural cells

37
Q

what are some non neural cells

A

glial cells (astrocytes, schwann, oligodendrocytes) and ependymal cells

38
Q

what gives rise to the dorsal horn when the neural tube closes?

A

alar plate

39
Q

what gives rise to the ventral horn when the neural tube closes?

A

basal plate

40
Q

how does the dorsal and ventral root form?

A

everything grows together as the neural crest cells form T shaped axons, sensory neurons develop first and join the motor axons in the ventral horn

41
Q

what happens on day 24 of neurulation?

A

development of the neural tube which develops into the anterior brain and SC and where neural crest cells give rise to sensory and autonomic ganglia

42
Q

what do neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into?

A

o Sensory ganglia
o Autonomic ganglia
o Adrenal cells
o Non-neural tissue (mylanocytes which provides skin pigmentation)

43
Q

what cells arise from the closure of the neural groove?

A

neural crest clls

44
Q

when do mesoderm somites begin to differentiate into bone and muscle?

A

neurulation day 22

45
Q

what happens on day 22 of neurulation?

A

the neural grove folds onto itself to become the neural tube

46
Q

what signals the neural plate to differentiate into neural stem cells?

A

notocord

47
Q

where is the neural plate located?

A

above the ectodermal cells

48
Q

what happens on day 18?

A

the notocord develops and serves as a structure that provides alignment for the foeutus

49
Q

what happens on day 20 of neurlulation?

A

o Signals from the notocord cause the cells in the neural plate to differentiate into neural stems cell which will form the spinal cord and the brain

50
Q

what can be detected by ultrasonogrphy?

A

sprains, strains, tears, trapped nerves, arthritis and more MSK conditions

51
Q

what can be detected by MRI?

A

 Localize strokes, tumors, traumatic injuries

 Can also be used to assess changed caused by dementia or MS

52
Q

what is MRI precise for?

A

soft tissue, detects smaller and more diffuse lesions

53
Q

what can be detected by CT scan

A

detect bleeding, brain damage, blood clots and leaking aneurysm
 Detection of most brain tumors & allows to plan for radiation
 Detection of enlarged brain cavities

54
Q

what can be detected by Xrays

A

bone and circulatory abnormalities

55
Q

identifyy the muscle activty condition? full interferance pattern of reduced amplitude?

A

myopatic

56
Q

identify the muscle activity condition? high signal, reduced interferance pattern

A

neuropathic

57
Q

what can be detected by electromyography

A

quality/pattern of muscle activity

58
Q

what can evoked potential be used for?

A

detect lesions in the CNS and their impact on sensory pathways
evaluate the status of sensory pathways
used in intraoperative monitoring to ensure funciton of pathways

59
Q

what is the main goal of EEGs?

A

test cortical activity

60
Q

what can be detected with EEGs

A

coma
epilepsy
brain lesions
sleep cycle

61
Q

duringa neurological exam what major functions are generally tested?

A 
cognitive function
cranial nerves
motor system
sensory system
refexes
gait

POTH 455 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions