MT1.2 Flashcards by Megan Colbourne

WHAT IS GLIAL CELL SCARING?

Loss of brain cells are replaced by glial cells which impede axon regrowth and produce growth inhibiting molecule

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what is the penumbra of stoke?

zone of mild ishemia in proximity or region of stroke, cells in this area may die of secondary processes

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how can secondary cell death be minimized?

revascularization and sedation

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what happens to the BBB in axonic conditions?

BBB is dissembled and WBC enter the brain producing inflammation and edema which results in further cell death

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what is secondary cell death? how is it caused

when brain cells die, they release high amounts of glutamate and oxidative agents which cause for more cells to die via excitotoxicity

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how come do brain cells die as a result of anoxic conditions?

lack of O2 and glucose disregulates ATP and hence activates 3-caspase which leads to apoptosisis

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what other factors can cause apoptosis?

o DNA damage
o Over stimulation (glutamate)
o During normal development

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what are some signs associated with mild cerebral hypoxia?

inattentiveness,
poor judgment,
memory loss
a decrease in motor coordination.

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how long can the brain survive in anoxic conditions?

cell death begins within 5 minutes of anoxic conditions

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what are the different mechanisms of stoke?

ischemic (trombosis, embolism) or hemorrhagic

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what factor may increase risk of blood clots?

vascular diseases

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what is an anyeurism?

 abnormal dilation of blood vessels for which pressure causes brain dammage

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what is the problem with AV anastamosis?

veins cannot withhold the pressure of the A hence will reupture and cause bleeding and increase presssure in the brain

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where does a subdural hematoma occur?

between dura and arachnoid layer

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what portions of the brain are not contained by the BBB

area postrema

- posterior pituitary

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what types of substances can pass through the BBB?

lipid soluble molecules such as heroine and nicotine

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what drug is administered to patients with parkinson?

Ldopa as it increases dopamine production

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what forms the tight junctions of the BBB?

capillary cells

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what is bovine spongiofrom encephalophathy a result of?

abnormal protein that crosses the BBB

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what is the main function of the BBB

prevents direct exchanges from the blood to the ECF and protect from toxins, nTS and antibiotics

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what is the main role of CSF ?

 Maintains a constant environments for cells of the CNS
 Removes brain metabolites
 Serves as a mechanical cushion
 Allows buoyancy to the brain
 Lymphatic system for the brain
 Allows polypeptide hormones to circulate

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how does CSF exit the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space?

enters foramen of magdenie

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what produces CSF?

choroid plexus

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where do A travel in the sc and brain?

subaracnoid space

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what can neural stem cells divide into?

other stem cells or differentiate into any type of cells

what can embryonic pre gastula stem cells differentiate into

any type of cell

what can neuroblasts differentiate into?

any type or neural or glial cells

what does the ectoderm differentiate into?

NS and skin

what does the mesoderm differetiate into

muscle and bones

what does the endoderm differentiate into

organs/viscera

briefly summerize neurulation?

o The nervous systems begins at the center of action known as the primitive streak, development of the nervous system

briefly describe gastrulation

o Bilaminar disc develops a groove known as the primitive steak and the differentiate into a trilaminar

when does segmentation occur? what is it?

day 1-3: cell division

when does blastulation occur? what is it

day 4-6 creation of blastula; cell differentiation

what happens during implantation?

day 6-10: blastula is implanted in the uterine wall. outer layer becomes placenta, inner layer foeutus

what does ectodermal cells differentiate into?

neurons and non neural cells

what are some non neural cells

glial cells (astrocytes, schwann, oligodendrocytes) and ependymal cells

what gives rise to the dorsal horn when the neural tube closes?

alar plate

what gives rise to the ventral horn when the neural tube closes?

basal plate

how does the dorsal and ventral root form?

everything grows together as the neural crest cells form T shaped axons, sensory neurons develop first and join the motor axons in the ventral horn

what happens on day 24 of neurulation?

development of the neural tube which develops into the anterior brain and SC and where neural crest cells give rise to sensory and autonomic ganglia

what do neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into?

o Sensory ganglia o Autonomic ganglia o Adrenal cells o Non-neural tissue (mylanocytes which provides skin pigmentation)

what cells arise from the closure of the neural groove?

neural crest clls

when do mesoderm somites begin to differentiate into bone and muscle?

neurulation day 22

what happens on day 22 of neurulation?

the neural grove folds onto itself to become the neural tube

what signals the neural plate to differentiate into neural stem cells?

notocord

where is the neural plate located?

above the ectodermal cells

what happens on day 18?

the notocord develops and serves as a structure that provides alignment for the foeutus

what happens on day 20 of neurlulation?

o Signals from the notocord cause the cells in the neural plate to differentiate into neural stems cell which will form the spinal cord and the brain

what can be detected by ultrasonogrphy?

sprains, strains, tears, trapped nerves, arthritis and more MSK conditions

what can be detected by MRI?

 Localize strokes, tumors, traumatic injuries |  Can also be used to assess changed caused by dementia or MS

what is MRI precise for?

soft tissue, detects smaller and more diffuse lesions

what can be detected by CT scan

detect bleeding, brain damage, blood clots and leaking aneurysm  Detection of most brain tumors & allows to plan for radiation  Detection of enlarged brain cavities

what can be detected by Xrays

bone and circulatory abnormalities

identifyy the muscle activty condition? full interferance pattern of reduced amplitude?

myopatic

identify the muscle activity condition? high signal, reduced interferance pattern

neuropathic

what can be detected by electromyography

quality/pattern of muscle activity

what can evoked potential be used for?

detect lesions in the CNS and their impact on sensory pathways evaluate the status of sensory pathways used in intraoperative monitoring to ensure funciton of pathways

what is the main goal of EEGs?

test cortical activity

what can be detected with EEGs

coma epilepsy brain lesions sleep cycle

duringa neurological exam what major functions are generally tested?

``` cognitive function cranial nerves motor system sensory system refexes gait ```