Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POTH 455 > final exam 2 > Flashcards

final exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how are the cells in the inferior colliculus?

A

monoaural and binaural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most of the input to the inferior colliculus comes from where>

A

from the opposite ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what may the inferior colliculus fiunction in?

A

function in sound localization and integrating information from lower areas in the brainstem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the medial genticulate body is part of what?

A

of the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the last stop in the auditory pathway before it reaches the cortex>?

A

medial genticulate body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is the flow of information from MGB and the cortex? why?

A

2 way flow

Feedback from the brain is tightly integrated with sensory information flowing up to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what areas of the brain are associated with the primary auditory cortex>?

A

area 41 and 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is tonotropic organization?

A

neurons in the cortical auditory map are grouped according to their preferred frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the cortical areas in the auditory cortex?

A

put sounds together and analyse its nature, if language it gets processed to language centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an emotion?

A

Any state of arousal in response to external events or memories of such events that affect, or threaten to affect, personal advantage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are emotions purely mental?

A

no they are also associated with bodily changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of changes occur due to emotions?

A

secretion of adrenaline and cortisol and their effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do emotions affect our behavior?

A

via the ANS and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

imvolvement of ANS in emotional changes?

A

Sympathetic: ‘flight or fight’ response; use of metabolic resources
Parasympathetic: building up of metabolic resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

invovement of CNS in emotions?

A

motor pathway involved in compex reactions

facial expression and body posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

facial versus emotional motor paresis can lead to what?

A

different lesions can result in the loss of volontary or autonomic control of facial expressions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amygdala recieves multisensory input from what part of the cortex?

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what forms the cortical limbic

A

orbital and medial prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the role of the amygdala?

A
  • association of stimulus and reward
  • fear conditionning
  • pairing of a sensory input and a potential outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the connection between amygdala and the prefrontal cortex?

A

produces a Conscious experience: working memory and decision making
Multi-sensory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of the connection between amygdala and the hypothalamus and BS?

A

induces a visceral ANS response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the function of the connection between amygdala and the hypothalamus and hippocampus?

A

involved in memory and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of the connection between amygdala and the basal ganglia?

A

induces the reward mechanism through dopamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the main functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Learning and memory
Regulation of emotions
Decision-making
Long-term goals/reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the prefontal cortex shares close associations with what systems?

A

limbic, motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

provide example of how the prefrontal cortext is involved in decision making and planning in respect to reward?

A

-gambling; win or low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens in a patient with a prefrontal lesion?

A

perseverate with bad choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what cortex is commonly injured by TBI?

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are some symptoms associated with frontal cortex injury after TBI?

A
  • Loss of spontaneity in interacting with others.
  • Loss of flexibility in thinking.
  • Persistence of a single thought (Perseveration).
  • Inability to focus on task (Attending).
  • Mood changes (Emotionally Labile).
  • Difficulty with problem solving and goal planning.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are some disorders associated with dysfunction of the limbic system?

A
  • addiction
  • anxiety
  • mood disorders (depression)
  • OCD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is addiction?

A

the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

who is most at risk of addiciton?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are some risk factors associated to addiction?

A
  • stress

- peer pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what part of the brain do drugs interact with

A

limbic system and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

it forms a neural feed back loop through thalamus and limbic system. it is involved in gating and regulation of the limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the implication of drugs on the basal ganglia?

A

drug addiction will alter the regulatory function of the basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the effect of drug consumption on dopamine

A

drugs may potentiate the effect of dopamine by acting on precursor cells and thus increasing amount released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens to dopamine as a result of addiction?

A

release of dopamine is naturally decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

activation of the basal ganglia is stimulated by what?

A

release of dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what types of feelings can be felt in cases of anxiety

A

may range from feelings of uneasiness to immobilizing bouts of terror

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is a generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Chronic, exaggerated worry, tension, and irritability that appear to have no cause or are more intense than the situation warrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is PTSD?

A

Anxiety induced from having experienced, witnessed, or participated in a traumatic occurrence, especially if the event was life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the different types of anxiety disorders?

A

generalized anxiety disorders
PTSD
phobias
OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are some effect of GAD?

A

They can’t relax, startle easily, and have difficulty concentrating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what portion of the population is affected by GAD

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

who is more at risk of GAD?

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what age group is more prone to GAD?

A

childhoob and middle age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are some risk factors associated to GAD?

A
  • Depression

- genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how can anxiety be treated?

A

Anti-depressants
Anti-anxiety drugs (benzodiazepines)
Beta-blockers
Cognitive-behavioural therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how can B-blockers treat anxiety?

A

reduces symptoms (trembling, headache, etc)
Can be given in prediction of a potentially feared situation
Good for PTSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

do anti-anxiety drugs function for a prolonged period of time?

A

no, the CNS gets used to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

under what mechanism doe the NS age?

A

unknown mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what can be observed in an MRI of an aging brain?

A
  • thinner cortex
  • reduced white matter
  • larger ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what happens to brain size as we age?

A

after the age of 20, the brain size decreases gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what brain functions decline with age?

A
  • memory
  • speed of learning
  • speed of problem solving
  • verbal fluency
  • iq
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

do all brain functions decline at the same rate?

A

no, different rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

is there a relationship between loss of brain volume and decline in cognitive functions?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

can loss of neurons be compensated by cognitive capacity?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is senile dementia?

A

Loss of memory and cognitive impairments sufficient to interfere with social and occupational functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the most common disease associated with senile dementia?

A

alzheimer’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are other diseases associated with senile dementia?

A

Multi-infarct dementia (second most common)
Lewy body dementia
Parkinsonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what can be some organic causes for senile dementia?

A

vitamin deficiencies and other metabolic disorders

63
Q

can senile dementia be caused by infections?

A

yes bacterial and viral diseases may induce senile dementia

64
Q

what si the incidence rate associated with alzheimer?

A

7% >65
40% >80
50% > 85

65
Q

what parts of the brain are normally affected by alzheimer?

A

parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.

66
Q

is alzheimer a normal part of aging?

A

no, however aging increases the risk

67
Q

what is the cause of alzheimer? is there a cure?

A

cause = unknown

cure: none

68
Q

can motor deficits arise from alzheimer?

A

yes such as a shuffling gait

69
Q

what are the structures generally affected by alzheimer

A
  • cells in the basal forehead
  • cells in the neuromodulatory system
  • hippocampus
  • limbic system
70
Q

what appears in patients with alzheimer at the neuronal level?

A

neurofibillary tangles

71
Q

what are neurofibillary tangles

A

abnormal cytoskeltal filaments which reduces the axonal transport and will affect the cytoskeleton which will eventually cause cell death

72
Q

what is contained in senile plaques?

A

amyloid

73
Q

what are senile plaques?

A

Extracellular deposits of abnormal protein

74
Q

are senile plaque linked with neurofibillary plaques?

A

no

75
Q

what is mostly affected by senile plaques?

A

Cholinergic basal forebrain are mostly affected (ACh neurons).

76
Q

what are the main risk factors of alzheimer?

A
  • poor health conditions
  • lower education
  • genetics (trisomie 21, presense of apolipoprotein e4
77
Q

does gender have an effect on rate of alzheimer?

A

not determined yet

78
Q

is PA a positive or negative risk factor to alzheimer?

A

protective factor

79
Q

what is the affect of the Presence of Apolipoprotein ε4 allele

A

more vulnerable to brain atrophy

80
Q

what drug treatment can be used to treat alzheimer?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

81
Q

how do cholinesterase inhibitors work?

A

Prevents breakdown of ACh

Delays disease progression by 1 year in about 50% of people

82
Q

how can plaques and tangles be treated in patients with alzheimer?

A

can’t be treated

83
Q

how can alzheimer be prevented?

A
  • PA

- exercising brain

84
Q

how can memory and cognitive impairments be tested?

A
  • mini mental state exam
  • test spontaneous and short term recall (repeat the 3 words; love, apple, green and then ask again at a later time)
  • temporal orientation (what year are we?)
  • spatial orientation (in what city are we?)
85
Q

what is a mood disorder?

A

a disturbance of mood, along with either a full or partial excessively happy (manic) or extremely sad (depressive) syndrome not caused by any other physical or mental disorder.

86
Q

what is a neurotic disorder

A

Sense of distress causing a deficit in functioning

87
Q

what is a psychosis?

A

Loss of contact with reality

88
Q

what is depression characterized by?

A

by lowered mood and decreased interest or pleasure in all activities.

89
Q

when are symptoms of depression present?

A

present most of the day

90
Q

what are some symptoms associated with depression?

A

Loss of apetite
Insomnia
Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
Suicidal thoughts

91
Q

what is bipolar depressive disorder?

A

Repeated and alternating episodes of mania and depression

92
Q

what are some symptoms of a maniac episode?

A 
Inflated self-esteem
Increased libido and energy
Decreased sleep
Flight of ideas and pressure of speech
Increased goal-directed activities
Reckless behavior
93
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence for depression? for bipolar disorder?

A

6% depression

1% bipolar

94
Q

what is the ratio of women to men for depression

A

2:1

95
Q

what is the mean age for depression

A

40

96
Q

what is more affected by genetics depression or bipolar?

A

bipolar

97
Q

what plays a primary role in depression?

A

psychosocial aspects

98
Q

what is the reoccurance rate for depression?

A

70%

99
Q

what are some risks associated with depression?

A

suicide

100
Q

how does the brain activity change with depression?

A

Changes in activity of the limbic system in depression

101
Q

how can depression be treated?

A

antidepressents (MAO inhibitors and SSRI)
psychoterapu CT
electroconvulsive therapy

102
Q

what can be used to treat bipolar?

A

lithium

103
Q

what can be used to evalluate depressive symptoms?

A

-beck’s depression inventory

104
Q

what parts of the brain are involved in volontary motor control?

A 
-o	Motor & premotor cortex
o	Motor thalamus
o	Basal ganglia
	Feedback loop 
o	Cerebellum 
o	Brainstem nucleus
o	SC pathways
o	Motor neurons
105
Q

all motor signals pass through what?

A

SC

106
Q

what is the main function of the premotor cortex?

A

o Organizes voluntary movement with respect to sensory information and provides planning for movement execution

107
Q

when is the premotor cortex activated?

A

o active during movement planning (reaction time) & execution
o active when viewing others perform the same movement

108
Q

what is the main function of the motor cortex?

A

o executes movements through patterns of neuronal activity that’s descend to the MN pool in the SC.

109
Q

when is the motor cortex active?

A

o Active during movement execution

110
Q

direct stimulation of the motor cortex leads to what?

A

execution of movement

111
Q

where does the pyramidal pathway range from

A

cortex to BS or SC

112
Q

what is the main function fo the BS?

A

control of posture and balance

113
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

o Coordination and sequencing of motor activity
o Head and eye movements
o Posture
o Motor learning

114
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

o Selection of appropriate motor activity through control of inhibition
“stop or go”

115
Q

what types of inputs are recieved by the cerebellum?

A

sensory or motor

116
Q

onto what nucleus does the purkinje cells syanpse on?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

117
Q

what are the mossy fibers?

A

fibers which carry cerebellar input directed from BS nuclei, SC and vestibular NUCLEI

118
Q

onto what do mossy fibers synapse on?

A

granule cells and deep cerebellar nuclei directly)

119
Q

what provides the climbing fibers?

A

 Input from inferior olives provides the climbing fibers

120
Q

what do climbing fibers synapse onto?

A

synapse with the dendrites of the purkinje cells

121
Q

what are the main cerebellar nuclei?

A

dentate
interposed
fastigial

122
Q

is the cerebellar peduncles white or grey matter?

A

white matter

123
Q

whatb provides input to the cerebellum?

A

BS nuclei
SC
vestibular nuclei
inferior olives

124
Q

what functional lobes of the cerebellum are involved in the UMN pathways?

A
  • cerebrocerebellum

- spinocerebellum

125
Q

what is the cerebocerebellum involved in?

A

o Motor planning

o Initiation of movement

126
Q

where is signal from the cerebrocerebellum lobe sent to?

A

premotor cortex

127
Q

what is the spinocerebellum involved in?

A

o Fine adjustment of muscle tone

o Motor execution and coordination

128
Q

where is signal from the spinocerebellum lobe sent to?

A

motor cortex and BS

129
Q

what functional lobe of the cerebellum is involved in the LMN pathway?

A

• Vestibulocerebellum

130
Q

what is the main function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

o Maintenance of balance
 Postural sway
 Balance during stance and gait
 Eye movements

131
Q

where is information from the vestibulocerebellum sent to?

A

to the LMN in SC and BS involved in balance and VOR

132
Q

what provides inputs to the cerebellum?

A

 BS nuclei from motor and sensory areas of the cortex
 SC for proprioception and somatosensory
 Vestibular nuclei

133
Q

how are outputs provided from the cerebellum?

A

 Through deep cerebellar nuclei
 UMN pathways  thalamus, premotor cortex and motor cortex
 LMN pathways: vestibular nuclei, reticular formation & superior colliculus then reaches the SC

134
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum?

A

molecular layer
purkinje layer
granule layer

135
Q

what layer that provides Extensive dendritic tree in molecular layer

A

purkinje cells

136
Q

what layer contain GABA and function in a inhibitory manner?

A

purkinje cells

137
Q

what cells are involved in the inhibitory loop and what gets shuts off?

A

purkinje cells and shuts off deep cerebellar nuclei

138
Q

what can be turned on and off by the purkinje cells? provide an example

A

movement such as flexion and extension alternation in monkeys

139
Q

what cells are tonically acitve?

A

purkinje cells

140
Q

what is the granule layer?

A

• Densly packed: contains many neurons as the rest of the NS put together

141
Q

what type of fibers does the granule layer give rise to in the molecular layer?

A

parallel fibers in the molcular layer

142
Q

what type of input is recieved by the granule layer?

A

• Receives inputs from the cerebellum for cortical inhibitory loop

143
Q

what are climbing fibers?

A

fibers which originate from olivary nucleus and synapse extensively on a single purkinje cell

144
Q

what is the “function” of climbing fibers?

A

involved in Error signaling & learning

145
Q

what do climbing fibers synapse onto?

A

deep cerebellar nucleu

146
Q

what creates the cortical inhibitory loop?

A

created by the parallel fibers which synapses with the purkinje cells which synapses on the deep cerebellar nuclei therefore causing inactivation

147
Q

what creates the cortical excitatory loop?

A

mossy & climbing fibers are sent to deep cerebellar nuclei

148
Q

what results from the interplay of the inhibitory and excitatory loops of the cerebellum?

A

a “sculpting of the overall motor response.

149
Q

what controls VOR?

A

o cerebellum

150
Q

why is VOR needed?

A

o VOR is needed to maintain gaze direction

151
Q

what type of cortical functions are assisted by

A

o Cognition and mood (depression)
o Speech
o Conditioned reflexes

o Learning abilities
(Consolidation of motor learning)
o Parallel evolution of cortex & cerebellum

152
Q

what is ataxia?

A

 Lack of coordination during gait

153
Q

what is dysmetria?

A

 Inability to make a movement of the appropriate distance or direction

154
Q

how can dysmetria be tested?

A

finger to nose test

POTH 455 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions