MT1: week 4 Flashcards
what is ABA?
- observable relationship of behavior to environment -behavior can be changed by environmental manipulations
- stimulus-response-consequence
- ABA not the same as Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT)
What is discrete trial teaching ??
- when you get a nonverbal child and reward them for any vocalizations
- trys to copy therapist’s vocalizations
- combine words with chaining
- then teach meaning of word
what are the strengths and weaknesses of discrete trial teaching ?
strengths:
- works
- empirically validated
weaknesses:
- very difficult to do for therapist
- very difficult to do for the child
- lack of generalization
- lack of motivation
what is learned helplessness ?
learning that responding and reinforcement are independent
How does learned helplessness affects individuals with ASD?
- have difficult time learning the response-reinforce contingency
- misunderstand that responding and reinforcement are independent of each other
- do not understand that they can operate in their environment to create change
what is pivotal response treatment?
targets pivotal areas of a child’s development, such as motivation, responsivity to multiple cues, self-management, and social initiations all at the same time. Combines all of the ABA approaches
what is the treatment delivary of PRT?
- early intervention
- involvement of families: stress reduction, treatment partners
- treatment in the natural environment
- focus on pivotal behaviors, not on individual target behaviors
what are pivotal behaviors?
- motivation for social communciation
- self-initiations
- response to multiple cues
- self management
- empathy
what is the relationship between response-reinforcer contingency and PRT?
- emphasizes the response-reinforcer contingency
- makes it clear to the child that behaviors leads to changes in the environment
- responding impacts the environment in functional and meaningful ways
- PRT antecedent and consequence strategies target learned helplessness and motivation
what was voos’s questions in his article?
The current study evaluated the efficacy of PRT in two
five-year-old children with ASD, using multiple modalities
including fMRI, eye tracking, and behavioral outcome to
assess treatment response. We anticipated that we would
replicate the widespread positive effects of PRT on communication,
behavior, and social skills in our two cases, as measured by standardized
assessments of social and communicative function and
adaptive behavior
what are the PRT research findings?
- increase in correct imitative utterances
- increase in correct spontaneous language and utterances
- lower levels of of disruptive behaviors
- increase in generalization and maintence of intervention gains
- increase in postive child affect
- collateral gains in other often, untargeted behaviors (NLP to pivotal response treatment
what are the goals of PRT?
1)to teach child to be responsive to the many learning opportunities and social interactions that occur in natural environment 2) decrease the need for constant supervision by an intervention provider 3)to decrease the number of services that remove the child from the natural environment. (Scientificlly based)
what is incidental teaching?
involves providing instruction during typical activities based on student interests and motivation. Occurs in normal preschool activities rather than in clinical settings, (Promising practice)
what is the similarities between PRT and Incidental teaching?
both try to have the children learn behaviors in their own environment that will allow them to interact more with peers. Both use ABA
what is a pivotal area?
areas that when are targeted lead to large collateral changes in other-often untargeted- areas of functioning and responding.
what is joint attention?
• A child’s alternating attention between an object and communicative partner.
what is stimulus overselectivity?
• ? Child’s tendency to respond to an irrelevant component of a stimulus rather than to select the appropriate component
who implements PRT? in what contexts?
all individuals in the child’s life across all settings. specificlly to target areas central to autism like joint attention and pretend play
What is the family’s role in PRt?
primary intervention agents
why is it important for parents to be involved?
Because if kids are learning good behaviors in the clinic and go home and it is not enforced at home, they will forget all of their treatment gains. kids tend to develop more developmental skills with parents rather than therapists
What treatment gains were noted when motivational components were added to discrete trail teaching?
collateral improvements in nontargeted areas: decreases in disruptive behavior, improved child affect, improvements in speech intelligibility, improvements in academic learning, decreases in stereotypic and restrictive behavior, and improvements in social areas.
what happened to children who recieved NLP?
children receiving NLP (a precursor to PRT) in this study displayed fewer disruptive behaviors than those receiving discrete trial training.
what easy steps can we take to set up environments to implement PRT?
Including in the setting preferred items that the child is likely to find motivaiting across enviroments and routines. Includes placing highly desirable items in sight but out of reach and breaking up preferred items(ex. A child is provided with with a part of a toy instead of the whole toy so additional opportunities for language can be created by the child’s requesting additional items or pieces
how are peers helpful to teach skills?
become intervention agents for kids assist with teaching age appropriate language, social and play skills
