MT1 Extra Review Flashcards
Incorrect test values, false positives or isolated individual variation in results can cause ____
Ulysses Syndrome
(loss of time, money, peace of mind)
What is the term for the ability of a test to detect disease?
sensitive test
Impaired venous flow and leakage of cell contents from poor tourniquet use is called ____
hemoconcentration
A poorly flowing venipuncture can cause ____
hemolysis
What is the most commonly used body specimen?
blood
What liquid remains when blood clotting is prevented?
Plasma
T/F
anticoagulant is used in serum
False
Healthcare workers are mandated to follow ____ precautions to prevent the spread of all pathogens
standard
Where does cellular proliferation, differentiation, and maturation primarily occur?
bone marrow
What is the name of the process by which early erythroid precursor cells differentiate to become mature RBCs?
erythropoeisis
RBCs need ____ and ____ for final maturation
Vit B12
Vit B9
In a mature erythrocyte, what is essential for RBC function and survival?
flexibility & intact membrane
What is the most common test to evaluate circulating blood cells?
CBC
What colour tube top is used for a CBC?
lavender
What are the 2 main RBC measurements?
hemoglobin & hematocrit
What is the predominant form of hemoglobin in adults?
HgbA
How many molecules of oxygen are transported by each molecule of hemoglobin?
4
What protein oxidizes Fe3+ to Fe2+?
ceruloplasmin
What is the most common RBC disorder?
Anemia
What is the most common cause of anemia?
impaired RBC production
What is the most sensitive measure to evaluate an anemia patient?
hemoglobin
What type of anemia is acute posthemorrhagic anemia?
normocytic/normochromic
What type of anemia is due to blood loss in small amounts over a long period of time?
chronic posthemorrhagic anemia
What is the most common type of anemia?
IDA
What type of anemia is iron deficiency anemia?
microcytic / hypochromic
What is the most likely cause of inadequate intrinsic factor?
malabsorption destruction of parietal cells
What anemia causes defective erythropoietic production?
anemia of renal cell insufficiency
What liver protein binds free hemoglobin?
haptoglobin
What test is important when diagnosing hemolysis due to hemoglobin disorders?
hemoglobin electrophoresis test
Sickle cell anemia substitutes ____ for ____ on the beta chain, and transforms ____ into ____.
- valine for glutamic acid
- Hgb A to Hgb S
Hemoglobin C disease substitutes ____ for ____ on the beta chain, and transforms ____ into ____
- lysine for glutamic acid
- Hgb A to Hgb C
What form of alpha thalassemia is incompatible with life?
hydrops fetalis
What form of autoimmune hemolytic anemias has autoantibodies to IgG?
warm
What form of autoimmune hemolytic anemias has autoantibodies to IgM?
cold
What polycythemia is a physiologic response to hypoxia?
absolute polycythemia
What is the name of the process for which WBCs proliferate and differentiate?
leukopoiesis
What is the most numerous granulocyte?
neutrophils
What is the first line of defense against bacteria?
neutrophils
What cells secrete histamine?
basophils & mast cells
What agranulocyte plays a vital role in cell mediated and humoral immunity?
monocyte
What is the largest agranulocyte?
monocyte
What agranulocyte moves freely between circulation & tissues?
lymphocyte
T cytotoxic cells bind to altered ____
MHC I
What is the preferred site for drawing bone marrow?
anterior & posterior iliac crest
What is the term for when the number of lymphocytes exceeds the number of PMNs?
inverted diff
What leukemia is most likely in a 6-year-old with leukocytosis?
ALL
What leukemia has the Philadelphia chromosome?
CML
What clotting factor is fibrinogen?
Factor I
What co-factor is required by IXa?
VIIIa
What is an inhibitor of vitamin K factors II, IX and X?
ATIII
(in presence of heparin)
What is the normal therapeutic range for the International Normalized Ratio (INR)?
2-3
What is a qualitative measure used to evaluate the time needed to convert fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin time
What is the congenital disease of decreased platelet function called?
Von Willibrand Dz
What is the name of the syndrome caused by a lupus anticoagulant that binds to phospholipids used int the activation of the intrinsic pathway?
Antiphospholipid syndrome
What are the major anticoagulants used to monitor anticoagulant therapy?
coumadin
heparin
What type of blood sample is obtained when no anticoagulant is used?
serum
Variation in the shape of RBCs is called ____
Poikilocytosis
Variation in the size of RBCs is called ____
Anisocytosis
What terms apply to the CBC findings of decreased MCV, MCH, and MCHC?
microcytic & hypochromic
Decreases in any 1 of what 3 parameters indicates anemia?
- RBC count
- Hgb
- Hct
What is the most prevalent type of hemoglobin and what type of chains does it have?
Hgb A
2 alpha + 2 beta chains
What type of RBC disorder results from a single amino acid substitution which alters the structure of 1 of the 4 chains of a hemoglobin molecule?
hemoglobinopathy
What RBC disorder is associated with an increase in RBC count due to loss of plasma volume and is most often caused by dehydration?
polycythemia
What type of anemia would have decreased serum iron, and normal ferratin?
anemia of chronic disease (ACD)
(normochromic / normocytic)
What pathophysiologic category of anemia has the highest rate of incidence?
factor deficiency anemia
What clinical term applies to an increase in the total number of circulating WBCs?
leukocytosis
What type of lab testing is used to find chemical constituents within a cell, abnormal cell membrane antigens, and receptor sites, and is useful in the diagnosis of leukemia?
cytochemical & immunohistochemical stain
What term applies to the decrease in the absolute number of circulating lymphocytes?
lymphocytopenia
What WBC finding is important in differentiating an acute from a chronic leukemia?
degree of differentiation
____ evaluates all coagulation proteins, used to monitor coumadin
prothrombin time
