MT Flashcards
Peer reviewed article characteristics
Authors are clearly identified, and their expertise is demonstrated by their organization and education
There are few graphics. Often, there is an abstract.
Formal writing with Jargon
Dates indicating when it was peer reviewed
Articles often long with lots of references
CINAHL Complete good for searching for
Nursing, midwifery, & allied health professions
Medline
One of the worlds largest databases
Grey Lit
Produced by governments, unis, non profits etc.
No peer review
What does the “discussion” section of a paper discuss
Discusses the findings in relation to other published literature, limitations, and implications
Abstract
: Summary of the research, including the aim/purpose, methods, results/findings, and implications
Difference bw research Literacy and evidence informed practice
Ability to appraise and determine suitable and sound evidence (is the research valid and reliable?)
vs
Process of utilizing research literacy skills to make practice decisions and implement practice changes
Components of evidence informed decision making model
Define
Search
Appraise
Synthesize
Adapt
Implement
Evaluate
REPEAT
Primary Research
Research conducted where data was collected and analyzed directly by a researcher to draw conclusions and report findings
3 types of primary research
Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods (both quant and qual combined)
Main types of research questions
Intervention studying
Prognosis study
Descriptive study
Relational Study
Causal Study
Prognosis Study
Regarding research questions, what is the difference bw a problems relevance vs it’s significance?
Relevance: Why is this Important?
Significance: How big is the problem
Elements of a clinical priactice problem statement
Contains all components of a PICO question AND it is specific
How can a problem be proven to be relevant?
Argued relevance to nursing using reuputable sources
Primary studies must be published in
Journals
What is evidence
Information or facts from a variety of both qualitative and quantitative sources that are systematically obtained – that is, obtained in a way that is replicable, observable, credible, verifiable, or basically supportable”
Major way evidence is generated
By research
Research that produces evidence always starts with a __________
Problem
Difference bw Research and evidence informed practice
Research:
systematic and planned
Purpose: Specific to problem
Goal: Statement of predetermined outcome
Outcome: Contributes to understanding
Evidence Informed practice
Systematic search and appraisal of best evidence
Purpose: Uses evidence for making clinical decisions
Goal: Accoutns for individual needs of patient
Outcome: Bring changes into practice
Characteristics of Quant research
Aims to Describe, Explain, Predict
Often contains hypothesis
Data collected via numerical/objective means
TO determine if intervention worked or describe phenomena numerically
Characteristics of Qual research
Aims to Describe, Discover, Explore
No hypothesis
Inquires of peoples feelings, opinions beliefs
Data collected via interviews, journals, art etc.
Data recorded as journal transcript
Characteristics of mixed method research
Aiming to blend qual and quant research
Generally including more qual and less quant or vis versa
Impact factor
A journal that publishes only peer reviewed will have a high impact factor
Types of scholarly publications
Research/empirical (often in reference to primary studies)
Case studies
Reviews
Met-analysis
Letters or communications
Correlational study is a type of
Quantitative method of research
Case control study
Type of non experimental- descriptive correlational study
Compare people with a specific disease or outcome of interest with control
Correlationa lstudy use
To make predictions but NOT to determine cause
Three Predominant Non-Experimental-Descriptive Correlational Study Designs
Case-Control
Cross-Sectional
Cohort
Odds ratio
measure of association between an exposure and an outcome
ODDS THAT AN OUTCOME WILL OCCUR
OR greater than 1 = greater probability of the disease among the exposed
OR less than 1 = decreased probability of disease among the exposed
How are case-control study questions written
Written as a PIO: I is the disease, and O is the outcome
Strengths and Weakness of case-control Studies
Can be done fast and requires a relatively small sample size
Inexpensive
Attrition rates are usually low
Limitations:
Can only measure one disease at a time
Recall bias can be a threat
Not conducive to measuring rare exposures
Generalizability
Referring to ability of findings to be extrapolated to a wider population
How are experimental studies appraised?
Does it have good internal validity
- Reult in improved outcomes
Be safe for pts
How to appraise evidence (studies)
Use 6S pyramid
Appraise quality of study
Best practice collections are where on the 6S pyramid
The highest quality
How to know if there’s a conflict of interest
Search for “conflict”
How to know if participant number is enough to be significant
Search for power analysis
How to know if the study had any drop outs
Investigate how many people were present at the end
If more than ____ drop out, there is a threat to validity
20%
What makes a quasi experimental design
no randomization
no control group
no pre-test (post-test) only
Goal of measurement
TO QUANTIFY A SINGLE ISOLATED ATTRIBUTE IN A STANDARDIZED MANNER
Power analysis
Determines whether or not a sample size is large enough for the study to hold statistical significance
Internal validity
applies to the inferences about relationships among study variables
External validity
the degree to which study findings are generalizable to other populations
P value Less than 0.05
means the likelihood of the results being due to chance is less than 1/20. Therefore, the effect is statistically significant and the intervention is believe to have caused the change in outcome.
Confounding Variable
When there is an alternative explanation for the outcome of a study that was NOT taken into account in the study design.
