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NURS224 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Boolean Operator

A

AND OR NOT

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2
Q

How do we know if an article is scholarly

A

Look for peer reviewed

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3
Q

Characteristics of peer reviewed

A

Authors clearly identified
Abstract AND few graphics
Dates of peer review

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4
Q

Ethics with RCTs

A

Ethical dilemma could be the witholding of meds from control group

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5
Q

Be familiar with appraising evidence for Indigenous Literature

A

Are the researchers Indigenous themselves?

….

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6
Q

How is qualitative data appraised

A

Coding

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7
Q

How is qualitiatvie data anaylized for rigour?

A

Chornback alpha, p-value etc.

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8
Q

Anatomy of research paper

A
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9
Q

Why is qualititave research “emerging and flexible”

A

Bc, despite having an interview guide, research methods and questions can change based on the responses from data

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10
Q

Grounded theory

A

Focused on exploring social processes

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11
Q

What is a social process

A

Typically done through interviews with particiipants

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12
Q

Ethnography

A

Looking at cultural knowedge

  • Gathered by immersing or observing self in environment to understand how things go

Takes a long time

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13
Q

3 Major types of qualitative studies

A

Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology

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14
Q

Phenomenology

A

Wants to get at lived experience (understand)

Small sample size

Repeated interviews

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15
Q

Difference bw grounded theory stdy and phenomenological study

A

Grounded theory
- Describe components of social process in detail with quotes, describe theoretical
- Birds eye view

Phenomenological study: Findings are very detailed and in-depth
- Focused on one phenomena like depression

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16
Q

How are qualitative participants acquired

A

Convenience sampling

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17
Q

Transferability of study findings with qualitative research

A

Ability to take findings from one study and use them to inform nursing practice in a different setting

Generalizability is the same

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18
Q

Reflexity

A

Ability to recognize biases, and to best of your ability, bracket them out

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19
Q

Measurement in quant research

A

To determine how affective intervention is

To quantify the presence of something

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20
Q

Two main types of quantitative studies

A

Experimental and non-experimental (dsecriptive correlational)

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21
Q

Experimental quant study use ___ to increase their reliability

A

RCT

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22
Q

RCT require

A

Intervention

Control

Randomization

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23
Q

What part of every quant has descriptive statistics`

A

Demographic characteristicsQ

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24
Q

Types of non experiemental (quant) studies

A

Correlational, case-control, cross-sections, and cohort

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25
Q

Case - control study

A

Compare people with specific disease or interest with people who Do not have this specific disease/ outcome

Hepful for identifiying risk factors to certain conditions

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26
Q

Cross Sectional study

A

Snapshot

Measures exposure and outcomes in population that exist at one specific point in time

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27
Q

How important is Measurement validity/reliability

A

If tool is not valid, huge threat to reliability of study

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28
Q

Attrition

A

More than 20% is a major threat to validity

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29
Q

Example of lifts and currents in the Knowledge as Action (Knowledge translation model)

A

What other initiatives are underway?
What is driving system priorities?
How does the practice concern interface with organizations priorities?
What resources can provide ‘lift’ in practice?

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30
Q

Best Practice Guidlines

A

Provide up-to-date scientific evidence and concise instructions to help nurses provide consistent, appropriate, current and safe care

usually Developedd from multiple systematic reviews

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31
Q

Potential limitations of BPGs

A

with time – BPGs need to be updated
need to consider local context and patient preference (often they need to be adapted before implementation)
one size does not fit all – use critical thinking and clinical judgement when using

32
Q

Benefits of BPGs

A

improve quality of clinical decision making
consistency and efficiency of care
close the research-practice gap
optimize value for the dollar of care deliver – save money!
inform patients and public about what professionals ‘should’ be doing

33
Q

What was the motivator for forming codes of ethics

A

Human Rights violations

34
Q

What is the Belmont Report?

A

commissioned by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1978 (prompted in part by the ethical problems of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study)

35
Q

Three ethical principals articulated in the Belmont Report?

A

Beneficence
Respect for human dignity
Justice

36
Q

Benificiance?

A

Imposes duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits
Intended to produce benefits for participants and for the larger community
RIGHTS TO FREEDOM FROM HARM AND DISCOMFORT

THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM EXPOITATION
Participants’ participation cannot place participant at a disadvanta

37
Q

What is involved in the right to human dignity?

A

THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
Participants have the right to voluntary participation
Without prejudicial treatment
Right to ask questions
Right to drop out of study at any time

Freedom from coersion
RIGHT TO FULL DISCOSURE

38
Q

What is involved in the right to justice?

A

RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT
Right to Privacy

39
Q

What does informed consent mean?

A

Participants have adequate information about the study, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily.

40
Q

Procedures for Protecting Study Participants

A

Risk Benefit Assessment
Informed Consent
Confidentiality Procedures
Debriefing and Refererals
Treatment of Vulnerable Groups
External review and protectoin of human rights

41
Q

What factors into studies involving vulnerable groups

A

May be incapable of providing informed consent
Must pay particular attention to ethical dimensions of vulnerable persons and populations

42
Q

Prior to conducting research you submit your proposal and application to the ___________ for review.

A

Research Ethics Board

43
Q

What is an ethical dilemna in research (broad definition)?

A

when participants’ rights and study quality are put in direct conflict

44
Q

What type of qualitative research question is this?

How can the process of deciding to migrate to another country for work be understood?

A

Grounded Theory

45
Q

What is the lived experience of families who are homeless and are living in a shelter?

A

Phenomenology

46
Q

How does international development work with clients impact those with HIV/AIDS who have been abandoned by their families in Ghana?

A

Ethnography

47
Q

Rigour is another term for

A

Trustworthiness

48
Q

Lincoln & Guba Framework includes four points for testing the rigour of a study

i.e. 4 Criteria for Establishing Trustworthiness = Worthy of Confidence

A

Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability (aka fittingness)

49
Q

Credibiliity

A

similar to validity, truth or believability of the findings. Member checks. Well-established methods. Good interview skills. Data Saturation. Triangulation.

50
Q

Tranferibility

A

findings can be transferred to a similar context, application of findings to a different situation

51
Q

Dependibility

A

consistency in the findings over time, reliability, reviewed by peers (peer debriefing), existing theories can be tied to findings, coding checks with colleagues (intercoder reliability

52
Q

Confirmability

A

participants or other researchers substantiate findings, biases recognized and accounted for

53
Q

What does the FACTS acronym for qualitivative research approaisal stand for?

A

F
Fittingness
A
Auditability
C
Credibility
T
Trustworthiness
S
Saturation

54
Q

How is qual differnt from quant

A

Focuses on words versus numbers
Nonexperimental – no IV and DV
No blinding or randomization
Seeks to understand what “cannot readily be measured or counted” (Jakubec & Astle, 2021, p. 31)

55
Q

Data saturation

A

A point in qualitative studies when there are no new ideas noted in the data analysis and it is noted that saturation of themes and categories has occurred
(Jakubec & Astle, 2021, p. 174).

56
Q

Aim of qual

A

Describe, Discover, Explore; Subjective

57
Q

Aim of quant

A

Describe, Explain, Predict; Objective

58
Q

Do quals have hypothesis

A

No, bc they are exploratory

59
Q

Ethnography

A

The description and interpretation of cultural behavior (Comparing cultures)
Labour-intensive, requires long periods of time in the field
Level of intimacy with the members of the cultural group
The researcher as an instrument

Collects info on

Cultural behaviour, artifacts, and speech

Participant observation during ADLs

60
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Studies social processes

Uncovers patterns from participants’ accounts: “In grounded theory, behavior is a pattern that a person engages in

Aims to understand the meaning that people hold that influences their actions and behavior

61
Q

Phenemonology

A

Studying peoples “Lived experiences”

In depth personal interviews

Researcher is co-participant

61
Q

Non-probability sampling

A

Convenience sampling
Purposive (purposeful) sampling of participants
Snowball sampling
Theoretical sampling

62
Q

What is coding

A

Summarizing paper into small sections of Code, each code being a name that most exactly describes what [a portion of text] is about

63
Q

Relationship bw code, category and theme

A

Codes created from paper,

Reoccuring codes grouped into cattegories called themes

Categories/concepts further generalized into themes (major concepts)

64
Q

How can a mixed methods appraoch be demonstrated to be effective?

A

when different approaches provide the same results – corroboration of evidence that strengthens results

65
Q

Reflexivity

A

“Self-awareness and introspection can enhance the quality of any study” (Polit & Beck, 2021, p. 157)

66
Q

Puprose of critically appraising

A

Since all studies have limitations, it is important to identify threats to reliable

67
Q

Purpose of data extraction

A

Standararize and organize articles for easier comparison

68
Q

What is a Review Matrix?

A

In a Review Matrix, the rows are the source documents, such as journal articles, and the columns are the topics you will use to abstract each of these documents. A summary of an article in a Review Matrix describes only the most fundamental information organized by column topics”

69
Q

Difference bw Ethnography and phenemonology

A

ethno: Researchers often immersed in community (over long period of time)

concerned with understanding cultural practices and the social dynamics of a group or community. The focus is on how people live and interact within their natural environment, typically over an extended period.
Purpose: The goal is to describe, interpret, and understand cultural patterns

Phenemonology: focused on understanding the essence of lived experiences from the individual’s perspective.

to describe and interpret the meaning of a specific experience or phenomenon. The focus is on uncovering the underlying essence or universal structures that shape a person’s perception of an experience

Researcher not embedded in community, but instead, they are focused

70
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occuring number

71
Q

Mean

A

Average

72
Q

Range

A

Distance from highest to lowest number in data set

73
Q

The Rights of the Belmont Report

A

Benificiance
RIGHTS TO FREEDOM FROM HARM AND DISCOMFORT
THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM EXPlOITATION

Respect for human dignity
THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
RIGHT TO FULL DISClOSURE

Justice
RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT
THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY

74
Q

What is meant by undue influence?

A

Researchers cannot make the first contact

75
Q
A

NURS224 (12 decks)

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