FINAL Flashcards
What is a Boolean Operator
AND OR NOT
How do we know if an article is scholarly
Look for peer reviewed
Characteristics of peer reviewed
Authors clearly identified
Abstract AND few graphics
Dates of peer review
Ethics with RCTs
Ethical dilemma could be the witholding of meds from control group
Be familiar with appraising evidence for Indigenous Literature
Are the researchers Indigenous themselves?
….
How is qualitative data appraised
Coding
How is qualitiatvie data anaylized for rigour?
Chornback alpha, p-value etc.
Anatomy of research paper
Why is qualititave research “emerging and flexible”
Bc, despite having an interview guide, research methods and questions can change based on the responses from data
Grounded theory
Focused on exploring social processes
What is a social process
Typically done through interviews with particiipants
Ethnography
Looking at cultural knowedge
- Gathered by immersing or observing self in environment to understand how things go
Takes a long time
3 Major types of qualitative studies
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenology
Phenomenology
Wants to get at lived experience (understand)
Small sample size
Repeated interviews
Difference bw grounded theory stdy and phenomenological study
Grounded theory
- Describe components of social process in detail with quotes, describe theoretical
- Birds eye view
Phenomenological study: Findings are very detailed and in-depth
- Focused on one phenomena like depression
How are qualitative participants acquired
Convenience sampling
Transferability of study findings with qualitative research
Ability to take findings from one study and use them to inform nursing practice in a different setting
Generalizability is the same
Reflexity
Ability to recognize biases, and to best of your ability, bracket them out
Measurement in quant research
To determine how affective intervention is
To quantify the presence of something
Two main types of quantitative studies
Experimental and non-experimental (dsecriptive correlational)
Experimental quant study use ___ to increase their reliability
RCT
RCT require
Intervention
Control
Randomization
What part of every quant has descriptive statistics`
Demographic characteristicsQ
Types of non experiemental (quant) studies
Correlational, case-control, cross-sections, and cohort
Case - control study
Compare people with specific disease or interest with people who Do not have this specific disease/ outcome
Hepful for identifiying risk factors to certain conditions
Cross Sectional study
Snapshot
Measures exposure and outcomes in population that exist at one specific point in time
How important is Measurement validity/reliability
If tool is not valid, huge threat to reliability of study
Attrition
More than 20% is a major threat to validity
Example of lifts and currents in the Knowledge as Action (Knowledge translation model)
What other initiatives are underway?
What is driving system priorities?
How does the practice concern interface with organizations priorities?
What resources can provide ‘lift’ in practice?
Best Practice Guidlines
Provide up-to-date scientific evidence and concise instructions to help nurses provide consistent, appropriate, current and safe care
usually Developedd from multiple systematic reviews
Potential limitations of BPGs
with time – BPGs need to be updated
need to consider local context and patient preference (often they need to be adapted before implementation)
one size does not fit all – use critical thinking and clinical judgement when using
Benefits of BPGs
improve quality of clinical decision making
consistency and efficiency of care
close the research-practice gap
optimize value for the dollar of care deliver – save money!
inform patients and public about what professionals ‘should’ be doing
What was the motivator for forming codes of ethics
Human Rights violations
What is the Belmont Report?
commissioned by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1978 (prompted in part by the ethical problems of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study)
Three ethical principals articulated in the Belmont Report?
Beneficence
Respect for human dignity
Justice
Benificiance?
Imposes duty on researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits
Intended to produce benefits for participants and for the larger community
RIGHTS TO FREEDOM FROM HARM AND DISCOMFORT
THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM EXPOITATION
Participants’ participation cannot place participant at a disadvanta
What is involved in the right to human dignity?
THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
Participants have the right to voluntary participation
Without prejudicial treatment
Right to ask questions
Right to drop out of study at any time
Freedom from coersion
RIGHT TO FULL DISCOSURE
What is involved in the right to justice?
RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT
Right to Privacy
What does informed consent mean?
Participants have adequate information about the study, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily.
Procedures for Protecting Study Participants
Risk Benefit Assessment
Informed Consent
Confidentiality Procedures
Debriefing and Refererals
Treatment of Vulnerable Groups
External review and protectoin of human rights
What factors into studies involving vulnerable groups
May be incapable of providing informed consent
Must pay particular attention to ethical dimensions of vulnerable persons and populations
Prior to conducting research you submit your proposal and application to the ___________ for review.
Research Ethics Board
What is an ethical dilemna in research (broad definition)?
when participants’ rights and study quality are put in direct conflict
What type of qualitative research question is this?
How can the process of deciding to migrate to another country for work be understood?
Grounded Theory
What is the lived experience of families who are homeless and are living in a shelter?
Phenomenology
How does international development work with clients impact those with HIV/AIDS who have been abandoned by their families in Ghana?
Ethnography
Rigour is another term for
Trustworthiness
Lincoln & Guba Framework includes four points for testing the rigour of a study
i.e. 4 Criteria for Establishing Trustworthiness = Worthy of Confidence
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
Transferability (aka fittingness)
Credibiliity
similar to validity, truth or believability of the findings. Member checks. Well-established methods. Good interview skills. Data Saturation. Triangulation.
Tranferibility
findings can be transferred to a similar context, application of findings to a different situation
Dependibility
consistency in the findings over time, reliability, reviewed by peers (peer debriefing), existing theories can be tied to findings, coding checks with colleagues (intercoder reliability
Confirmability
participants or other researchers substantiate findings, biases recognized and accounted for
What does the FACTS acronym for qualitivative research approaisal stand for?
F
Fittingness
A
Auditability
C
Credibility
T
Trustworthiness
S
Saturation
How is qual differnt from quant
Focuses on words versus numbers
Nonexperimental – no IV and DV
No blinding or randomization
Seeks to understand what “cannot readily be measured or counted” (Jakubec & Astle, 2021, p. 31)
Data saturation
A point in qualitative studies when there are no new ideas noted in the data analysis and it is noted that saturation of themes and categories has occurred
(Jakubec & Astle, 2021, p. 174).
Aim of qual
Describe, Discover, Explore; Subjective
Aim of quant
Describe, Explain, Predict; Objective
Do quals have hypothesis
No, bc they are exploratory
Ethnography
The description and interpretation of cultural behavior (Comparing cultures)
Labour-intensive, requires long periods of time in the field
Level of intimacy with the members of the cultural group
The researcher as an instrument
Collects info on
Cultural behaviour, artifacts, and speech
Participant observation during ADLs
Grounded Theory
Studies social processes
Uncovers patterns from participants’ accounts: “In grounded theory, behavior is a pattern that a person engages in
Aims to understand the meaning that people hold that influences their actions and behavior
Phenemonology
Studying peoples “Lived experiences”
In depth personal interviews
Researcher is co-participant
Non-probability sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive (purposeful) sampling of participants
Snowball sampling
Theoretical sampling
What is coding
Summarizing paper into small sections of Code, each code being a name that most exactly describes what [a portion of text] is about
Relationship bw code, category and theme
Codes created from paper,
Reoccuring codes grouped into cattegories called themes
Categories/concepts further generalized into themes (major concepts)
How can a mixed methods appraoch be demonstrated to be effective?
when different approaches provide the same results – corroboration of evidence that strengthens results
Reflexivity
“Self-awareness and introspection can enhance the quality of any study” (Polit & Beck, 2021, p. 157)
Puprose of critically appraising
Since all studies have limitations, it is important to identify threats to reliable
Purpose of data extraction
Standararize and organize articles for easier comparison
What is a Review Matrix?
In a Review Matrix, the rows are the source documents, such as journal articles, and the columns are the topics you will use to abstract each of these documents. A summary of an article in a Review Matrix describes only the most fundamental information organized by column topics”
Difference bw Ethnography and phenemonology
ethno: Researchers often immersed in community (over long period of time)
concerned with understanding cultural practices and the social dynamics of a group or community. The focus is on how people live and interact within their natural environment, typically over an extended period.
Purpose: The goal is to describe, interpret, and understand cultural patterns
Phenemonology: focused on understanding the essence of lived experiences from the individual’s perspective.
to describe and interpret the meaning of a specific experience or phenomenon. The focus is on uncovering the underlying essence or universal structures that shape a person’s perception of an experience
Researcher not embedded in community, but instead, they are focused
Mode
Most frequently occuring number
Mean
Average
Range
Distance from highest to lowest number in data set
The Rights of the Belmont Report
Benificiance
RIGHTS TO FREEDOM FROM HARM AND DISCOMFORT
THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION FROM EXPlOITATION
Respect for human dignity
THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
RIGHT TO FULL DISClOSURE
Justice
RIGHT TO FAIR TREATMENT
THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY
What is meant by undue influence?
Researchers cannot make the first contact
