MSK Session 1 (Lecture 1)

Question 1

Give 5 important uses of bone.

Answer 1

1) Support
2) Protection
3) Shape and movement of muscles (including attachment points)
4) Haemopoiesis in marrow
5) Mineral storage (Calcium)

Question 2

Define the regions of the axial skeleton.

Answer 2

Skull, vertebral column and rib cage.

Question 3

Define the regions of the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 3

Upper and lower limbs including the pectoral and pelvic girdle. Attaches to axial skeleton.

Question 4

What shapes can bones come in? Give an example of each.

Answer 4

1) Long e.g. Femur
2) Short/Cuboidal e.g.Calcaneus
3) Flat e.g. Parietal
4) Irregular e.g. Sphenoid
5) Sesamoid e.g. Patella

Question 5

Define the following terms:

1) Tuberosity
2) Crest
3) Trochanter
4) Condyle
5) Sinus
6) Fossa
7) Fissure

Answer 5

1) Roughened, rounded elevation
2) Ridge
3) Large projection of the femur
4) Large prominence or rounded surface
5) Hollow space
6) Depression
7) Cleft/Small groove

Question 6

Define the following terms:

1) Tubercle
2) Facet
3) Epicondyle
4) Spine/Spinous process
5) Meatus
6) Foramen
7) Notch

Answer 6

1) Smaller elevation
2) Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment
3) Smaller prominence above a condyle
4) Slender projection
5) Tunnel or canal
6) Hole or opening
7) Large groove

Question 7

Define a joint,

Answer 7

Where two (or more) bones meet or articulate.

Question 8

What are the three types of joints and how are they classified?

Answer 8

1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial

Classified according to the type of tissue present between the bones.

Question 9

Describe fibrous joints. Give the three sub-classifications of fibrous joints and an example of each.

Answer 9

Fixed immovable joints that are connected by fibrous connective tissue.

Sub-classifications :

1) Sutures e.g. bones of skull
2) Gomphosis e.g. teeth articulate with sockets in maxilla (peridontal ligament)
3) Syndesmosis e.g. middle radio-ulnar (held by interosseus membrane)

Question 10

Describe cartilaginous joints. Give the two sub-classifications of cartilaginous joints and an example of each.

Answer 10

Bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

Sub-classifications:

1) Synchondrosis (Primary Cartilaginous) e.g. 1st rib to sternum (only present at birth. Connected by hyaline cartilage.
2) Symphysis (Secondary Cartilaginous) e.g. IV Disc or pubic symphysis, involves fibrocartilage or hylaine cartilage joint.

Question 11

Describe a synovial joint.

Answer 11

Joints that are fully moveable (diarthrosis) filled with synovial fluid. They are surrounded by an articular capsule which is made up of a fibrous capsule and a synovium. Within the joint cavity there is synovial fluid present. Hyaline cartilage is present a the articulating surface.

Question 12

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Describe them giving examples.

Answer 12

1) Plane - permit gliding or sliding movements e.g. ACM joint)
2) Hinge - permit flexion and extension only! e.g. elbow
3) Saddle - concave and convex joint surfaces e.g. 1st CMCPJ
4) Ball and Socket - permits movements in several axes (round head fits into a concavity) e.g. shoulder + hip
5) Condyloid - permits flexion and extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction e.g. MCPJ
6) Pivot - allows rotation (round bony process fits into a bony ligamentous socket) e.g. atlantoaxial joint.

Question 13

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 13

1) Lubrication
2) Nutrient distribution
3) Shock absorption

Question 14

Which features of a joint affect its stability?

Answer 14

1) Articular surface depth
2) Ligaments (more= increased stability but loss of mobility)
3) Tone of surrounding muscles e.g. rotator cuff holding humerus in the glenoid cavity.