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ESA 2 Brij > CVS Session 2 (Lecture 2.1) > Flashcards

CVS Session 2 (Lecture 2.1) Flashcards

1
Q

Which valve separates the RA from the RV?

A

Tricuspid

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2
Q

Which valve separates the LA from the LV?

A

Mitral

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3
Q

Which valve separates the LV from the aorta and the RV from the pulmonary artery?

A

Semilunar valves

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4
Q

How long is systole? How is it initiated?

A

280ms - action potential long, single contraction from an influx of Ca2+ influx.

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5
Q

What are the pacemakers of the heart?

A

1) Sino-atrial node

2) Atrio-ventricular node

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6
Q

What do pacemakers do?

A

Generates an action potential which spreads over the whole heart producing a coordinated contraction.

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7
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the heart is at rest OR interval between beats.

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8
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

RA

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9
Q

What does the SAN do and what does it cause?

A

Generates an action potential that spreads over the atria causing atrial systole.

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10
Q

Where does the A.P go after atrial systole?

A

Reaches AVN where it is delayed for 120ms. Spreads down septum (via bundle of His) towards the apex.

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11
Q

Where does the A.P spread next after passing down towards the apex?

A

Spreads through the ventricular myocardium from inner (endocardial) to outer (epicardial) surface.

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12
Q

How does the heart contract in relation to apex?

A

Ventricle contracts from apex up, forces blood towards the outflow valves.

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13
Q

How long does ventricular systole last?

A

280ms

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14
Q

How long does diastole last?

A

700ms

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15
Q

When do the mitral/tricuspid valve open?

A

When atrial pressure > intraventricular pressure

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16
Q

When do the mitral/tricuspid valves close?

A

When atrial pressure < intraventricular pressure

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17
Q

What is needed to close the inflow valves?

A

Small amount of regurgitation to close flaps

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18
Q

When does the aortic valve open?

A

When left ventricular pressure > aortic pressure

19
Q

When does the aortic valve close?

A

When left ventricular pressure < aortic pressure

20
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle is the sequence of pressure flow changes and valve operations that occur with each heartbeat.

21
Q

Starting at the end of systole describe the 1st part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Ventricles contracted
2) Intra-ventricular pressure high
3) Outflow valves open
4) Blood flows into the arteries
* Ventricular pressure > atrial so inflow A/V valves closed.

22
Q

Starting at ventricular relaxation describe the 2nd part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Ventricles begin to relax
2) IV pressure falls rapidly
3) IV < Aortic pressure
4) Brief backflow closes outflow valves
5) Isovolumetric relaxation (same volume)

23
Q

Starting at isovolumetric relaxation describe the 3rd part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Blood return to atria
2) Atrial pressure high
3) IV pressure falls below atrial pressure
4) A/V valves open

24
Q

Starting when A/V valves open, describe the 4th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Rapid filling of the ventricles - rapid filling phase
2) Lasts 200-300ms
3) Majority of ventricular filling in this phase of early diastole.

25
Q

Starting at early diastole describe the 5th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Diastole continues with slower rate of ventricular filling
2) IV pressure rises as ventricular wall stretches
3) Unitl IV pressure = atrial so filling stops
4) Known as diastasis

26
Q

Starting at atrial systole describe the 6th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Atrial systole (SAN firing)
2) Forces small extra amount of blood into the ventricles
3) Heart can work without this phase

27
Q

Starting at ventricular systole describe the 7th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Ventricular systole
2) IV pressure rises rapidly
3) Exceeds atrial pressure so brief backflow closes AV valves
4) Isovolumetric contraction

28
Q

Starting at isovolumetric contraction describe the 8th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) IV pressure rises rapidly until > arterial pressure
2) Arterial pressure has been falling from diastole
3) Outflow valves open

29
Q

Starting at outflow valves opening describe the 9th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Outflow valves open
2) Blood is ejected into the arteries
3) Rapid ejection phase
4) Arterial pressure rises

30
Q

Starting at arterial pressure rising describe the 10th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

1) Rate of ejection of blood falls
2) Arterial + IV pressure peak towards end of systole
3) Outflow eventually caeses with blood still in ventricle

31
Q

Starting at the end of systole describe the 11th part of the cardiac cycle.

A

Systole ends and cycle repeats!

32
Q

What are the two main sounds of the heart and how do they arise?

A

1) First sound - lub - closure of a/v valves

2) Second sound - dub - closure of outflow valves

33
Q

When do the sounds arise?

A

1) First sound - onset of ventricular systole

2) Second sound - end of ventricular systole

34
Q

What is the interval between the first and second sound?

A

280 ms

35
Q

What is the interval between the second and first sound?

A

700ms at rest, can shorten upon exertion

36
Q

What would cause splitting of sounds?

A

Right and left valves not closing at the same time.

37
Q

Where would a third and fourth sound be heard? Is this normal?

A

Yes it is normal

Third sound - early in diastole
Fourth sound - atrial systole

38
Q

What generates a heart murmur? Give 2 causes.

A

Turbulent flow of blood generates murmurs.

1) Aortic stenosis - narrowed valve
2) Incompetance - valve not closing properly

39
Q

When do murmurs occur?

A

When blood flow is at its highest

40
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume pumped per minute by the left heart is known as the Cardiac Output.

41
Q

What determines the C.O?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

42
Q

What is HR and SV?

A

SV - volume ejected per cardiac cycle

HR - number of cycles per minute

43
Q

At rest what is the normal SV, HR and CO?

A 
SV = 80ml
HR= 60
CO= 5L per min

ESA 2 Brij (47 decks)

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