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Phase 2 TJ > MSK principles/ TL > Flashcards

MSK principles/ TL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of orthogonal plate application on construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.

A

Higher bending and torsional construct stiffness and lower strain over the primary plate in bending.

Orthogonal plate application involves using plates of different sizes (3.5 + 2.7) to enhance stability.

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2
Q

How does working length (WL) affect construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.

A

Decreased working length increases construct stiffness, while longer WL decreases stiffness.

The relationship between WL and construct stiffness is significant in both bending and torsion.

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3
Q

What was the finding regarding plate-bone distance (PBD) in relation to construct stiffness? * Evans, VCOT 2023.

A

Plate bone distance had no effect on construct stiffness in bending but significantly decreased stiffness in torsion.

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4
Q

What insertion angles and speeds were associated with the highest rate of transcortical fracture (TCF)? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.

A

Insertion at 10 degrees angle with slow speed (12%) and fast speed (17%).

A 4% fracture rate was noted at a 5-degree angle.

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5
Q

What was concluded about double-loop cerclage compared to twist and single-loop cerclage? * Butare, vet surg 2022

A

Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The ideal grip location with the lowest combination of bend angle/radius is _______ for 0.9 mm wires. * Gremley, Vet Surg 2023.

A

2.0 cm

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7
Q

What is the biomechanical comparison between two screws versus three screws per fragment in locking plate constructs? * Palierene, VCOT 2022

A

Three-screw constructs were stiffer than two-screw constructs and cycled to failure quicker.

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8
Q

True or False: Safe corridors for external skeletal fixator pin placement in felines are the same as in canines. * Prackova, JFMS 2022.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the effect of off-axis insertion of locking screws on push out strength? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.

which plate system stronger at 0deg (LCP or Polyaxial)?

A

o cost of off-axis locking screws = significant reduction in screw holding strength

o 3.5 LCPs stronger than PLS if at 0deg

Off-axis insertion decreases push out strength for 3.5 LCP but increases push out force for 3.5 polyax at certain angles.

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10
Q

What is the recommended screw size selection guideline for screw-hole defect size in feline femora? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.

A

Up to 33% of bone diameter as appropriate.

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11
Q

What factors predispose to transcortical fracture development? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.

A

Increased screw insertion angle and insertion speed.

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12
Q

What was found about the mechanical performance of polyaxial locking plates compared to locking compression plates? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2019.

A

PLS plates are approximately 30% weaker than LCP plates.

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13
Q

What was the effect of working length on plate strain in comminuted fractures? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.

A

Shorter working length decreases plate strain.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Insertion of external skeletal fixation pins should be done _______ to the desired position for greater peak pullout strengths. * Park, VCOT 2022.

A

unidirectionally

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15
Q

What can you do to avoid excessive plate strain in a comminuted fx? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.

A

Decreasing working length or using orthogonal plates/rod.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the number of screws and the load prior to plastic deformation? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.

A

Two-screw constructs had a 24% decrease in load prior to plastic deformation compared to three-screw constructs.

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17
Q

What is a significant finding regarding the insertion angle of screws for poly axial system vs LCP? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.

A

The 3.5 PLS is more sensitive to the screw insertion angle than the 3.5 LCP.

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18
Q

What should be the bolt distribution recommendation for the I-Loc 3 nail? * Martuello, Vet surg 2021.

A

A 2:2 bolt distribution to avoid iatrogenic bolt fracture.

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19
Q

What biomechanical elements were compared in the study?

A

Notched Head Locking T-Plate and Straight Locking Compression Plate

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20
Q

In Bird 2020, which plate demonstrated greater stiffness (2.0 LCP w 2 screws or 2.0 notched Plate w 3 screws?

A

2.0LCP with two screws in short fragment

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21
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats treated for atrophic/oligotrophic non-unions with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation healed? * Camilleti, JSAP 2023.

A

95% healed

This statistic is based on a study covering 19 cases from 2014 to 2021.

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22
Q

In a study of 442 dogs, what percentage experienced delayed union, non-union, and mal-union? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A
  • Delayed union: 14%
  • Non-union: 5%
  • Mal-union: 1%

These outcomes were reported by Marshall in 2022.

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for delayed/non-union in dogs? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A
  • Age
  • Comminuted fractures
  • Bone graft use (all types)
  • Surgical site infection (SSI)
  • Major implant failure

These factors were identified in a study of 442 dogs.

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24
Q

True or False: Radius/ulna fractures in toy breed dogs have increased odds of delayed or non-union. * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A

False

The study indicated that toy breed dogs were not at increased odds for these complications.

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25
Q

When is surgical treatment recommended for short radius syndrome? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

For cases greater than 2–3 mm to reduce associated pain and lameness

Surgical intervention is aimed at improving the quality of life for affected dogs.

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26
Q

What might improve outcomes for smaller steps (2-3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

Bi-oblique dynamic proximal ostectomy

This technique may provide better results for smaller corrections.

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27
Q

What is required for larger steps (>3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

A larger ulnar ostectomy and secondary ulnar shortening

Larger corrections are more complex and require careful surgical planning.

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28
Q

What was the finding regarding the accuracy of caudocranial canine femoral radiographs compared to CT? * Clark, VCOT 2022.

A

Rads overestimated aLDFA by 1.8 degrees compared to CT

This indicates that radiographs should be used cautiously as a screening tool.

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29
Q

What is the recommended use for radiographs in measuring aLDFA? * Clark, VCOT 2022.

A

Best used as a screening tool for true aLDFA greater than 102 degrees

Reliance solely on radiographs for measurement is not advised.

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30
Q

What was the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy according to Hagen’s study?

A

11% overall, with 28% associated with MRSP

MRSP refers to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

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31
Q

What protective factors against SSI were identified? * Hagen, VS 2020.

A

Postoperative antibiotics and timing of preoperative antibiotics

Proper antibiotic management is crucial in preventing infections.

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32
Q

What risk factor for surgical site infections and incidence of SSI was identified in Giannetto’s study? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.

A

Increased body weight

SSI = 2.3%

Heavier dogs may face higher risks during surgical procedures.

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33
Q

What was concluded about the use of postoperative wound dressings? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.

A

No clear benefit in usage

This suggests that postoperative care may not require additional dressing in all cases.

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34
Q

humerus physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht

A

proximal physis = 80% growth; closure @ 12mo
distal physis = 20% growth; closure @ 6mo

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35
Q

radius physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht

A

proximal physis = ~40% growth; closure @ 8mo
distal physis = ~60% growth; closure @ 10mo

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36
Q

ulna physeal closure distal and % contribution to growht

A

distal physis = ~100% growth; closure @ 10mo

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37
Q

What are the three methods of tension band-wire (TBW) augmentation evaluated in Mckay’s study?

A

Transpatellar, suprapatellar, combined tension band-wire augmentation.

These methods were used to augment patella tendon repairs in dogs.

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38
Q

Which TBW augmentation method was found to be superior in Mckay’s study?

A

Combined transpatellar/suprapatellar TBW augmentation.

This method provided increased repair-site strength compared to transpatellar or suprapatellar groups alone.

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39
Q

What muscles are primarily affected by fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.

A

Gracilis and semitendinosus muscles.

These muscles are located in the caudal thigh region.

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40
Q

What are the treatment options for fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.

A
  • Rest/NSAIDs
  • Transection/resection of fibrotic band
  • MSC injection

These treatment options aim to alleviate symptoms and improve mobility.

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41
Q

What additional component of the common calcaneal tendon (CCT) is found in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Soleus muscle

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42
Q

What percentage of calcaneal tendon injuries in cats are atraumatic ? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

45%

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43
Q

What is the relationship between age and atraumatic injury in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Increase in age = increase in odds of atraumatic injury

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44
Q

What are the most common types of calcaneal tendon tears in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF (atraumatic) and complete tear (traumatic)

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45
Q

What is the Meustege type classification for a complete tear of all parts of the CCT? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Type I

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46
Q

Which Meustege type is the most common atraumatic calcaneal tendon injury? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Type IIc (Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF)

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47
Q

What was 1’ related to complications for CCT repair in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Complications 1’ assoc w technique of tarsal joint immobilization
 ESF frames =more complications
 Complications: Transarticular ESF(57.1%) > calcaneotibial screw (33.3%)

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48
Q

What is the biomechanical superiority of the 4-loop pulley (4LP) pattern compared to the 3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern? * Obyrne. VCOT 2022.

A

The 4LP pattern requires a greater load to form both a 1 mm and 3 mm gap and has a greater load for failure

The 4LP suture pattern better resists gap formation and requires greater load prior to construct failure.

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49
Q

What are the unproven etiologies of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Canine distemper
  • Vaccination
  • Hereditary factors
  • Auto-immune issues

These etiologies have not been conclusively proven.

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50
Q

What clinical signs and radiographic findings are associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Lameness
  • Lethargy
  • Pyrexia
  • Distal metaphyseal swelling
  • ‘Double physis’ or radiolucent line parallel to the physis

These findings help in diagnosing the condition.

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51
Q

What is the recommended treatment for moderate to severe cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A

Steroids (0.75 mg/kg pred PO BID) should strongly be considered over NSAIDs

Steroids are preferred for managing inflammation and pain in these cases.

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52
Q

What are the anatomical features of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Medial/lateral retinacular attachments to the tuber calcanei
  • Presence of a synovial bursa deep to the tendon on the tuber calcanei

These structures play a critical role in the function and stability of the SDFT.

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53
Q

What causes luxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon? and which side is more common? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

Rupture of the medial or lateral retinacular insertion of the SDFT on the tuber calcanei
lateral more common

Luxation occurs more frequently in lateral directions compared to medial.

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54
Q

What is the treatment of choice for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

Surgical reconstruction of the torn retinacular attachment of the SDFT

This intervention aims to restore stability and function.

55
Q

What factors are associated with an increased risk of surgical failure in SDFT luxation repairs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Using absorbable suture (60% increased risk)
  • Non-rigid immobilization (57% failure)
  • Rigid immobilization (19% failure)

The type of suture and immobilization technique significantly affect surgical outcomes.

56
Q

What is the success rate of surgical management for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

75% success rate

Re-luxation occurs in 15% of cases, and lameness is noted in 13%.

57
Q

How does a continuous epitendinous suture affect tendon repair in a canine model? * Putterman, VS 2019.

A

It eliminates gapping between tendon ends until failure and increases resistance to loads compared to no epitendinous suture

This suture technique enhances the stability of tendon repairs.

58
Q

Which suture pattern is better at preventing gap formation in tendon repairs? * Putterman, VS 2019.

A

3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern is better than locking-loop (LL) when used alone

This finding emphasizes the importance of suture pattern selection in tendon repairs.

59
Q

List the methods of stabilization used for supraglenoid tubercle fractures in the Kulendra study.

A
  • Pin/TBW (5)
  • Lag screw (2)
  • Plate fixation (2)
  • Fragment removal (2)
  • Conservative management (1)
60
Q

What was the angle of arthrodesis in dogs undergoing shoulder arthrodesis in the Phipps 2023 study?

A

110-120 degrees

61
Q

What percentage of full recovery was reported in the Phipps study on shoulder arthrodesis w 2 LCP?

A

91%

62
Q

True or False: Surgery is the first treatment option for bicipital tenosynovitis if the biceps tendon is healthy.

A

False

63
Q

What is the recommended first approach for biceps tendon tears between 20% and 75%? Lane 2023

A

Conservative management first

64
Q

What should be avoided when comfort allows according to the Lane study?

A

NSAIDs

65
Q

Fill in the blank: Intra-articular corticosteroids are contraindicated if the treatment goal is _______. Lane 2023

A

tissue repair

66
Q

What is the prevalence of contralateral intracondylar fissure in French Bulldogs according to Olivia 2024?

A

40%

67
Q

What is the reported complication rate for humeral condylar fractures in the Olivia study?

A

13%

68
Q

What combination generates significantly greater interfragmentary compression according to Fuchter 2023?

A

Fragment forceps + cortical screw inserted as a lag screw

69
Q

What percentage of humeral condylar fractures (HCF) in French Bulldogs are lateral? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.

A

64%

This statistic highlights the prevalence of lateral HCF in this breed.

70
Q

What is the complication rate for humeral condylar fractures in French Bulldogs? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.

A

40%

The majority of these complications are major, particularly related to transcondylar screw migration.

71
Q

What is the likelihood of a major complication when using a transcondylar screw and kwire? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.

A

7.62x more likely

This statistic emphasizes the increased risk associated with this fixation method.

72
Q

What percentage of cases show contralateral humeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) in French Bulldogs? Anderson, Vet surg 2023.

A

58%

This statistic indicates a significant occurrence of contralateral HIF in this breed.

73
Q

In the study by Condon, what percentage of humeral condylar fractures were classified as lateral?

A

69%

This further supports the trend of lateral HCF being the most common.

74
Q

What was the overall complication rate found in Condon’s study?

A

22%

The fixation method did not significantly impact the complication rate.

75
Q

What type of fracture increases the risk for complications, especially with lateral HCF? Condon, VCOT 2023.

A

Comminuted fracture

Comminuted fractures are associated with a higher risk of complications.

76
Q

What common CT findings are associated with humeral condylar fractures in French Bulldogs according to Davenport’s study?

A

Humeral intracondylar fissures and intracondylar sclerosis

These findings are prevalent in the limb contralateral to the fracture.

77
Q

What is the prevalence of contralateral HIF in French Bulldogs and spaniels? Davenport 2023

A

Frenchies = 44%, Spaniels = 58%

This statistic shows the comparative prevalence between breeds.

78
Q

What was the major complication rate in Danielski’s study regarding oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy for HIF?

A

8%

This is primarily due to the lack of healing of HIF.

79
Q

What is the healing rate observed for humeral intracondylar fissures after treatment with oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy? * Danielski, VS 2023.

A

80%

This indicates a significant success rate for this treatment method.

80
Q

What complication rate was reported in Low’s study for transcondylar screw placement (med to lateral)?

A

18%

This is an improvement from previous rates of 35-69%.

81
Q

According to Carwardine’s study, what were the complication rates for medial versus lateral screw placement?

A

Medial = 19%, Lateral = 62%

This suggests that medial placement reduces the risk of complications.

82
Q

What is the prevalence of presumed concurrent medial coronoid process fractures in dogs with humeral condylar fractures? what was associated with it? * Pierrot. JAVMA 2023.

A

46%
inc w/ comminution and inc body weight

This statistic highlights a significant association between these two types of fractures.

83
Q

What is the prevalence of incidental humeral intracondylar fissures in French Bulldogs according to Franklin’s study?

A

12%

This indicates a notable occurrence of HIF in this breed.

84
Q

What percentage of dogs with humeral condylar fractures (in spaniels) also have concurrent MCP disease? Danielski, VS 2023.

A

23.5%

This highlights the prevalence of MCP disease in this context.

85
Q

What is the medial & lateral entry/exit point for transcondylar screw placement in the feline humeral condyle? Simpson. JFMS 2022.

A

0.38 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the medial epicondyle
0.3 × HCD cranial and 0.16 × HCD distal to the lateral epicondyle

HCD stands for Humeral Condylar Diameter.

86
Q

Which direction should you drill for feline transcondylar screw placement and why ?Simpson. JFMS 2022.

A

drill lateral to medial
Higher tolerance angles and decreased likelihood of joint damage.

87
Q

What was the excellent outcome rate for epicondylar plate fixation of humeral condylar fractures in immature French bulldogs? Kvale. JSAP 2022.

A

77%

88
Q

What percentage of cases experienced complications during the epicondylar plate fixation study? Kvale. JSAP 2022.

A

13%

89
Q

What was the mean transcondylar screw diameter as a percentage of the isthmus of the humeral condyle? Kvale. JSAP 2022.

A

36%

90
Q

What was identified in all elbows of spaniel breed dogs with humeral intracondylar fissure? Danielski. Vet surg 2022.

A

Humero-anconeal incongruity

This was associated with the absence of joint space at the point of contact between the tip of the anconeal process and the cartilage lesion.

91
Q

What novel arthroscopic portal was mentioned in the study of humero-anconeal elbow incongruity? Danielski. Vet surg 2022.

A

Caudo-medial arthroscope portal.

92
Q

What was the expected outcome of joint disease over time in dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis? Zann. Vet surg 2022

A

Progression of joint disease over time should be expected.

93
Q

What was noted about the lesions in dogs treated for proximal humeral osteochondrosis? Zann. Vet surg 2022

A

All lesions = patchy, incomplete cartilaginous infilling.

94
Q

What is the incidence of medial epicondylar fissure fracture as a complication of transcondylar screw placement? Jenkins. Vet surg 2022.

A

11.4%

95
Q

What is recommended regarding the diameter of transcondylar screws to avoid medial epicondylar fissure fractures? Jenkins. Vet surg 2022.

A

Placing screws with a diameter < 41% of height of the condyle.

96
Q

Mech properties were improved when the transcondylar osteotomy was stabilized with a 4.5 mm positional or lag screw? Crehuet, VS 2021

A

positional screw

This was in comparison to stabilization with a lag screw.

97
Q

What percentage of complications were reported following fluoroscopically guided transcondylar screw placement? Carwardine, JSAP 2021.

A

45%

Increased complications were associated with increased weight.

98
Q

What percentage of cases required revision surgery after transcondylar screw placement? Carwardine, JSAP 2021.

A

15%

This reflects the need for additional surgical intervention.

99
Q

What percentage of dogs showed evidence of humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) in the study of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle? * Eayrs, VCOT 2021.

A

96%

This was associated with incomplete/nonunion of intracondylar fractures in 77%.

100
Q

What was the complication rate reported for the repair of fractures of the lateral aspect of the humeral condyle? * Eayrs, VCOT 2021.

A

10%

This indicates a relatively low complication rate.

101
Q

Which breed is predisposed to medial humeral condylar fractures (HCF) according to the study? * Villamil, VS 2020.

A

French Bulldogs

They have a 6.5x increased risk for medial HCF.

102
Q

What fixation method is recommended to reduce complications in humeral condylar fractures? * Villamil, VS 2020.

A

Epicondylar plate fixation

This is preferred over other epicondylar fixation methods.

103
Q

What percentage of complications were related to implant-related issues in the study of epicondylar fixation methods and which method had the most complications? * Villamil, VS 2020.

A

30% overall; 1’ d/t Kwire

K-wires had a complication rate of 32% and plates had a complication rate of 6%.

104
Q

What type of external skeletal fixation was used in the management of traumatic elbow luxation in cats? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024

A

Temporary transarticular type II ESF

This fixation was removed 2 weeks post-operation.

105
Q

What condition was observed in all cats with medial elbow luxation? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024

A

Medial humeral epicondylitis

This suggests a common complication associated with this type of luxation.

106
Q

In cats, which ligaments needed to be transected to induce an elbow luxation? * Jiffccovici, JFMS 2024

A

Both MCL and LCL

MCL stands for medial collateral ligament, and LCL stands for lateral collateral ligament.

107
Q

What was the significant risk factor for complications following bi-oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy in dogs, according to Danielski, JAVMA 2023?

A

Lower body weight and increasing age

Complications occurred in 42% of cases, with lighter and older dogs more likely to develop them.

108
Q

What complication was commonly observed in dogs after bi-oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, JAVMA 2023

A

Nonunion

This complication was prevalent among the affected dogs.

109
Q

What percentage of complications was reported after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy in dogs by Danielski, VS 2022?

A

25%

This indicates a notable risk associated with the procedure.

110
Q

What factors were associated with an increased risk of complications in dogs undergoing proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, VS 2022

A

Body weight

Heavier dogs showed a higher risk of encountering complications.

111
Q

What were the major complications reported after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy? Danielski, VS 2022?

A

Mechanical failure or nonunion

These issues represent significant risks of the surgical procedure.

112
Q

What computed tomographic feature was found in 38% of non-lame French Bulldog elbows? * Mella, VCOT 2022

A

Intracondylar sclerosis

This finding was noted despite the absence of humeral intercondylar fractures (HIF).

113
Q

What percentage of non-lame French Bulldogs exhibited MCP disease? * Mella, VCOT 2022

A

21%

MCP disease refers to metacarpophalangeal joint disease.

114
Q

What common finding was noted in the radial incisure of non-lame French Bulldogs? * Mella, VCOT 2022

A

Widening of the radial incisure

This feature was frequently observed in the studied population.

115
Q

What association was found with increasing age on outcomes after scope vs PAUL in the study by Coghill et al.?

A

Increased pain index and NSAID use

Older dogs had higher pain levels and required more NSAIDs.

116
Q

What did Dempsey’s study conclude about arthroscopic intervention for dogs with MCPD?

A

No long-term benefit over conservative management

Best prognosis is early surgical treatment in young dogs with MCPD, minimal/mild OA, and rehabilitation.

117
Q

What is the best prognosis for dogs with MCPD according to Dempsey’s findings?

A

Early surgical treatment in young dogs with minimal/mild OA

Includes rehabilitation and preventative measures against OA.

118
Q

What should be considered a major differential diagnosis in middle-aged, large breed dogs with acute lameness? * Mielke, VCOT 2018.

A

Septic arthritis

Even in the absence of pyrexia, septic arthritis is a significant concern, especially with pre-existing elbow arthritis.

119
Q

What percentage of cases had pre-existing osteoarthritis in Mielke’s study on septic arthritis?

A

93%

The majority of cases involved dogs with pre-existing elbow osteoarthritis.

120
Q

What was the positive culture rate for septic arthritis cases in Mielke’s study?

A

57%

Indicates that more than half of the cases had a positive culture for infection.

121
Q

What was the recurrence rate of septic arthritis in the cases studied by Mielke?

A

25%

A significant proportion of dogs experienced a recurrence of septic arthritis.

122
Q

What effect does induced radioulnar synostosis have on antebrachial rotation in cats? * Senn, vet surg 2024

A

Decreases antebrachial rotation by >2/3 regardless of location

This conclusion is based on a cadaveric study.

123
Q

What should be avoided in cats regarding radioulnar synostosis? * Senn, vet surg 2024

A

Implants fixating the radius to the ulna

This recommendation comes from research on the effects of simulated radioulnar synostosis.

124
Q

What is the biphasic change in implant-induced osteoporosis observed in toy breed dogs? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.

A

8 to 12 weeks due to impaired periosteal blood flow and 24 to 36 weeks due to reduced mechanical stress

This information is based on a retrospective study of radial–ulnar fractures treated with plate fixation.

125
Q

What age group showed an early postoperative recovery of bone mineral area density? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.

A

Patients < 6 months

Age at the time of injury affects implant-induced osteoporosis more than the fixation procedure.

126
Q

What surgical intervention can contribute to the recovery of bone mineral area density? * Muroi, VCOT 2021.

A

Screw and plate removal

Stepwise removal of all screws and plates is more effective.

127
Q

What are the advantages of free-form type II external skeletal fixation in dogs? * Aikawa, Vet surg 2019

A

Pin direction not influenced by the connecting bar location, pin diameter not influenced by the clamp size, pins can be placed in any plane/angle/configuration

This is based on clinical outcomes of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with distal radial and ulnar fractures.

128
Q

What percentage of complications occurred in the use of free-form multiplanar type II ESF for R/U fx in toy breeds? * Aikawa, Vet surg 2019

A

Minor complications = 37%, major complications = 3%

These statistics show the relative safety of this fixation method.

129
Q

What was the excellent outcome rate reported in the study of open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation? * Parent, JAVMA 2017.

A

96%

This was based on a study involving 102 cases between 2008 and 2015.

130
Q

What percentage of cases required revision surgery due to lateral radial head subluxation after a proximal ulnar osteotomy? * Williams, VCOT 2019.

A

62%

This complication followed proximal ulnar osteotomy or ostectomy in dogs.

131
Q

What was the resolution rate for lateral radial head subluxation as a complication of proximal ulnar osteotomy? Willams 2019

A

57%

One dog from the cases studied required amputation.

132
Q

What were the recc treatment options for carpal flexural contracture deformity? Petazzoni, JAVMA 2021.

A

Conservative management (rest alone or rest and bandaging)

133
Q

How did bandaging affect the recovery time for severely affected dogs with carpal flexural contracture ? Petazzoni, JAVMA 2021.

A

Resulted in a shorter time to recovery

Phase 2 TJ (11 decks)

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