Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2 TJ > endocrine/ears/eye > Flashcards

endocrine/ears/eye Flashcards

1
Q

What were the findings regarding hemostasis in hyperthyroid cats compared to euthyroid controls? * Moreno, JVIM 2024.

A

Hyperthyroid cats showed increased clot amplitude, clot firmness, and faster coagulation times.

This was assessed using two viscoelastic assays and platelet aggregometry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the survival time comparison between thyroidectomy and methimazole treatment for hyperthyroid cats? * Naito, JAVMA 2024.

A

Thyroidectomy: 1893 days (5 years) vs Methimazole: 730 days (2 years).

Recurrence rates were 13% for thyroidectomy and 27% for methimazole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the most common cause of death for cats treated with methimazole and thyroidectomy? * Naito, JAVMA 2024.

A

Methimazole: heart failure, Thyroidectomy: chronic kidney disease (CKD).

This highlights the differing risks associated with each treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the cure rate for ultrasound-guided minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism? Young, vet surg 2023

A

Cure rate: 93%.

This is comparable to the reported cure rate of ~95% for bilateral neck exploration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of dogs experienced postoperative hypocalcemia after ultrasound guided MIS parathyroidectomy? Young, vet surg 2023

A

15%.

This rate is lower than previously reported rates of ~36-60%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the median survival time (MST) for dogs undergoing thyroidectomy for thyroid tumors? * Enache, JVIM 2023.

A

MST: 802 days (2 years).

Metastasis occurred in 8% of cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What association was found between thrombosis and risk of death in dogs with thyroid tumors? * Enache, JVIM 2023.

A

Thrombosis was associated with an increased risk of death (27%).

Nonfollicular carcinoma and chemotherapy administration were also linked to an increased risk of cancer-related death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the recommendation regarding surgical exploration for dogs with parathyroid masses? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

Bilateral cervical surgical exploration is recommended.

A parathyroid mass ≥ 8.0 mm was suggestive of malignancy (carcinoma).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the MST for dogs with parathyroid carcinomas after surgical treatment? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.

A

One-year survival rate: 84%.
MST = 2yr

The median survival time was 2 years, with preoperative hypercalcemia resolving in 93% postoperatively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of dogs with thyroid carcinoma showed metastasis to lymph nodes? * Skinner, Vet surg 2021.

A

Metastasis occurred in 45% of cases.

It was common in deep cervical and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What were the most common clinical signs (CS) of functional thyroid tumors in dogs? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.

A

PU/PD and weight loss.

Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers were the most common breeds affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the mortality rate associated with unilateral thyroidectomy in dogs? * Reagan, JAVMA 2019.

A

Mortality rate: 2%.

The complication rate was 20%, with hemorrhage and aspiration pneumonia being the most common issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the median survival time (MST) for cats undergoing surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism? * Singh, vet surg 2019.

A

MST: 1109 days (3 years).

Most common tumors were parathyroid adenoma (62%) and parathyroid carcinoma (22%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the impact of using a vessel-sealing device (VSD) during thyroidectomy in dogs? * Lorange, JAVMA 2019.

A

Shorter operative times without significantly affecting complication rates or hospitalization times.

This suggests VSD may be a beneficial tool in thyroid surgeries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: Preoperative serum total calcium (tCa) and ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations were predictive of postoperative hypocalcemia. * Milovancev, JAVMA 2013.

A

False.

No correlation was found between preoperative serum calcium levels and postoperative outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common tumors in cats with primary hyperparathyroidism are parathyroid _______ and parathyroid carcinoma. * Singh, vet surg 2019.

A

adenoma.

Parathyroid adenomas accounted for 62% of cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the agreement percentage of ultrasonography and surgery in identifying parathyroid pathology? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

65% number of glands, 72% for side identification

Surgery correctly identified abnormal glands in 78% of cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What parathyroid mass size is suggestive of malignancy? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

≥ 8.0 mm

This indicates a potential carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What preoperative ionized calcium level increases the risk for postoperative hypocalcemia? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

≥ 1.75 mEq/L

This level results in a 7.5x increased risk for developing hypocalcemia post-surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What percentage of dogs developed hypocalcemia postoperatively in the study? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

47%

This highlights the significance of monitoring postoperative calcium levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What surgical approach is recommended for dogs undergoing parathyroidectomy? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.

A

Bilateral cervical surgical exploration

This is recommended to effectively address parathyroid pathology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were the common clinical signs (CS) of parathyroid carcinomas in dogs? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.

A
  • PU/PD
  • PL paresis
  • Lethargy
  • Hyporexia

These signs indicate potential parathyroid issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia in dogs after surgery for parathyroid carcinoma? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.

A

34%

Monitoring is crucial due to the significant occurrence of this complication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with parathyroid carcinomas? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.

A

2 years

The 1-year survival rate is reported at 84%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What percentage of functional thyroid tumors in dogs are malignant? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the metastatic rate for malignant functional thyroid tumors in dogs? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.

A

4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with functional thyroid tumors vs malignant thyroid vs benign ? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.

A

1,072 days (35 months / 3 years)
MST: malignant thyroid tumors = 970 days (32 months / 2.5 years) vs benign = 1,072 days (35 months / 3 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most common type of adrenal tumor associated with spontaneous hemorrhage in dogs and cats? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.

A

Adrenocortical neoplasia and pheochromocytoma

Adrenocortical neoplasia: malignant (41%) vs benign (12%), pheochromocytoma (38%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the overall mortality rate for adrenal tumors treated by adrenalectomy after spontaneous hemoabd? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.

A

21%

Complications associated with the procedure are reported at 42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs after adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors for spontaneous hemoabdomen? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.

A

574 days (1.5 years), 900 days (2.5 years) if censoring short-term mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the median maximum tumor diameter for dogs undergoing BSSLA? * Farrell, JAVMA 2023

A

2.3-2.6 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What percentage of dogs undergoing adrenalectomy are considered hypercoagulable? * Mitsui, JAVMA 2023.

A

53%

0% were hypocoagulable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which type of adrenal tumor has the highest association with hypercoagulability? * Mitsui, JAVMA 2023.

A

Adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) at 66%

34
Q

What is the conversion rate for laparoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs? * Mayhew, JAVMA 2023.

A

9.4%

Conversion rate increases with higher body condition score (BCS) and tumor size

35
Q

What is the survival rate for dogs after laparoscopic adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, JAVMA 2023.

A

95%

Risk of death increases with more significant lesion signs

36
Q

What is the most common cause of death or euthanasia in dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors that did not undergo adrenalectomy? * Fontes, JAVMA 2023.

A

Hemoperitoneum (25%)

37
Q

What is the MST for dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors not treated with adrenalectomy? * Fontes, JAVMA 2023.

A

50 days

38
Q

What are the clinical signs (CS) associated with primary hyperaldosteronism in cats? * Magno, JFMS 2023.

A

Hypokalemia (100%), hypertension (89%), lethargy (69%), neck ventroflexion (59%)

39
Q

What is the survival rate after surgical intervention for primary hyperaldosteronism in cats? * Magno, JFMS 2023.

A

97%

MST = 1082 days (3 years)

40
Q

What percentage of dogs with pheochromocytomas experienced hypertension during general anesthesia? * Enright, vet surg 2022

A

86%

41
Q

What is the survival to discharge rate for dogs after adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas with or without pretx? * Enright, vet surg 2022

A

83%

42
Q

What is the comparison of surgical time and hypotension incidence between laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies? * Taylor, vet surg 2021.

A

Laparoscopic has shorter surgical time and lower hypotension incidence (lap = 14% vs open = 61%)

43
Q

What factors are associated with an increased risk of death in dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasms treated by adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.

A

Postdiaphragmatic thrombus termination

44
Q

What is the median caval occlusion time reported for dogs undergoing adrenalectomy with caudal vena cava venotomy? * Knight, vet surg 2019

A

6.5 minutes

45
Q

What is the most common tumor type in dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasms? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.

A

Pheochromocytoma (80%)

Other tumor types include adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) at 15%

46
Q

What was the overall mortality rate reported in the study on invasive adrenal neoplasms treated by adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.

A

24%

Factors such as body weight, tumor type, and size/extent of caval thrombus did not affect survival.

47
Q

What was the effect of alpha-blocker treatment on intraoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

A

Intraoperative SBP increased by 20%

o GA complications: hypertension = 86% and arrhythmias = 30%

80% of dogs w hypertension and 68% w/ arrhythmias were pretx w/ alpha blockers

This increase was observed in dogs treated with alpha-blockers.

48
Q

True or False: Preoperative alpha-blocker treatment is associated with increased survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy. * Enright, vet surg 2022.

A

False

There is no evidence to support the use of preoperative alpha-blocker treatment for increased survival.

49
Q

What is the main finding regarding endoscope assistance in feline TECABO? * Enright, JFMS 2023.

A

Endoscope assistance can facilitate identification of middle ear structures but does not increase the success rate of entry into the hypotympanum.

50
Q

According to Merkins 2021, what is the failure rate for surgery to completely enter the hypotympanum?

A

Approximately 25% of the time.

51
Q

What complications were observed in extreme brachycephalic dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy? * Banks, VS 2023.

A

Complications occurred in 27.8% of cases.

52
Q

What percentage of extreme brachycephalic dogs presented with neuro signs? * Banks, VS 2023.

A

56%.

53
Q

What was the recurrence rate for ceruminous adenomas and ceruminous ACA tx with laser ablation? * Pieper, JVIM 2023.

A

Ceruminous adenoma = 7% vs ceruminous ACA = 8%.

54
Q

What is the advantage of video-otoscopic aided biopsy and CO2 laser ablation? * Pieper, JVIM 2023.

A

It is a viable treatment option with low recurrence and complication rates.

55
Q

What is Rigid normograde RATA used for in cats? * Oorsprong, JFMS 2023.

A

It is an effective technique for the removal of small middle ear polyps from auditory tube openings.

56
Q

What is the median survival time for cats with aural squamous cell carcinoma treated by surgery vs med/palliative mgmt? * Mcgrath, JFMS 2022.

A

MST: surgery = 168d vs med mgmt/palliative (RT/chemo) = 85d

57
Q

How does empirical antimicrobial selection affect postoperative complications in dogs and cats? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A

Positive bacterial cultures led to 86% fewer infection complications when antibiotics were administered postoperatively.

58
Q

What percentage of cats with acute OM/OI had abnormal CSF ? * Dutil, JFMS 2022.

A

43%.

59
Q

What was the complication rate for transoral ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy in cats? * Moissonnier, JAVMA 2022.

A

66%.

60
Q

What is the most common type of retrobulbar tumor in cats? * Jones, JFMS 2022.

A

Lymphoma (51%).

61
Q

What is the relationship between surgeon experience and entry into the hypotympanum during feline total ear canal ablation? * Mehrkens, JFMS 2021.

A

Novice surgeons had a 25% success rate, while experienced surgeons had a 75% success rate.

62
Q

Which breed was found to have more middle ear effusion and inflammation? * Krainer, VS 2021.

A

French bulldogs.

63
Q

What was the recurrence rate for aural hematomas treated with steroids compared to multiple drainage holes? * Itoh, JAVMA 2021.

A

Steroids = 33% vs multiple holes = 4%.

64
Q

What were the respiratory complication rates for unilateral, staged bilateral, and single-stage bilateral ventral bulla osteotomy in cats? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

SS bilateral VBO = 47%, staged bilateral = 29%, unilateral = 9%.

65
Q

What is the percentage of respiratory complications for single-stage bilateral VBO in cats? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

47%

This is compared to 29% for staged bilateral and 9% for unilateral VBO.

66
Q

How much more likely are cats treated with single-stage bilateral VBO to experience severe respiratory complications? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

13 times higher

This statistic highlights the increased risk associated with single-stage procedures.

67
Q

What percentage of cats experience neurologic complications such as Horner’s syndrome following VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

68% (20% permanent)

This is the highest rate of neurologic complications reported.

68
Q

What percentage of cats experience head tilt as a neurologic complication after VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

30% (22% permanent)

This is the second most common neurologic complication.

69
Q

What percentage of cats experience facial paralysis as a neurologic complication following VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

14% (8% permanent)

This is the least common neurologic complication reported.

70
Q

How does the presence of neurologic signs preoperatively affect the likelihood of permanent complications? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

More likely to be permanent

Cats with preoperative neurological signs have a higher risk of permanent complications.

71
Q

Which surgical method should be recommended for cats with bilateral middle ear disease? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.

A

Staged bilateral VBO

This method is preferred over single-stage bilateral VBO due to lower complication rates.

72
Q

What percentage of positive bacterial bulla cultures were found in the study? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A

86%.

73
Q

What was the most common bacteria identified in positive bulla cultures? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A

Staphylococcus.

74
Q

What is the likelihood of having an infection complication when positive cultures are treated with antibiotics postoperatively within one month?

A

86% less likely.

75
Q

What percentage of TECA revision surgeries were due to infection-related complications? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A

11%.

76
Q

How much more likely are patients to require revision surgery if no antibiotics are administered? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A

10 times as likely.

77
Q

List the common empiric antibiotics used in the study and their percentages. * Folk, JAVMA 2022.

A
  • Clavamox (49%)
  • Cephalexin (24%)
  • Enrofloxacin (7%)
  • Marbofloxacin (5%).
78
Q

How do the presenting conditions of extreme brachycephalic dogs differ from other breeds? * Banks, VS 2023.

A

Extreme brachycephalic dogs presented acutely, at a younger age, and with neuro signs, while other breeds presented primarily with chronic conditions without neuro signs (76%).

79
Q

What percentage of dogs experienced complications during the procedures studied? * Banks, VS 2023.

A

27.8%

80
Q

Was there a significant difference in complication rates between extreme brachycephalic breeds and other breeds? * Banks, VS 2023.

A

No, there was no significant difference between extreme brachycephalic breeds (24%) and other breeds (29%).

Phase 2 TJ (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions