endocrine/ears/eye Flashcards
What were the findings regarding hemostasis in hyperthyroid cats compared to euthyroid controls? * Moreno, JVIM 2024.
Hyperthyroid cats showed increased clot amplitude, clot firmness, and faster coagulation times.
This was assessed using two viscoelastic assays and platelet aggregometry.
What is the survival time comparison between thyroidectomy and methimazole treatment for hyperthyroid cats? * Naito, JAVMA 2024.
Thyroidectomy: 1893 days (5 years) vs Methimazole: 730 days (2 years).
Recurrence rates were 13% for thyroidectomy and 27% for methimazole.
What was the most common cause of death for cats treated with methimazole and thyroidectomy? * Naito, JAVMA 2024.
Methimazole: heart failure, Thyroidectomy: chronic kidney disease (CKD).
This highlights the differing risks associated with each treatment.
What was the cure rate for ultrasound-guided minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism? Young, vet surg 2023
Cure rate: 93%.
This is comparable to the reported cure rate of ~95% for bilateral neck exploration.
What percentage of dogs experienced postoperative hypocalcemia after ultrasound guided MIS parathyroidectomy? Young, vet surg 2023
15%.
This rate is lower than previously reported rates of ~36-60%.
What was the median survival time (MST) for dogs undergoing thyroidectomy for thyroid tumors? * Enache, JVIM 2023.
MST: 802 days (2 years).
Metastasis occurred in 8% of cases.
What association was found between thrombosis and risk of death in dogs with thyroid tumors? * Enache, JVIM 2023.
Thrombosis was associated with an increased risk of death (27%).
Nonfollicular carcinoma and chemotherapy administration were also linked to an increased risk of cancer-related death.
What was the recommendation regarding surgical exploration for dogs with parathyroid masses? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
Bilateral cervical surgical exploration is recommended.
A parathyroid mass ≥ 8.0 mm was suggestive of malignancy (carcinoma).
What was the MST for dogs with parathyroid carcinomas after surgical treatment? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.
One-year survival rate: 84%.
MST = 2yr
The median survival time was 2 years, with preoperative hypercalcemia resolving in 93% postoperatively.
What percentage of dogs with thyroid carcinoma showed metastasis to lymph nodes? * Skinner, Vet surg 2021.
Metastasis occurred in 45% of cases.
It was common in deep cervical and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
What were the most common clinical signs (CS) of functional thyroid tumors in dogs? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.
PU/PD and weight loss.
Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers were the most common breeds affected.
What was the mortality rate associated with unilateral thyroidectomy in dogs? * Reagan, JAVMA 2019.
Mortality rate: 2%.
The complication rate was 20%, with hemorrhage and aspiration pneumonia being the most common issues.
What was the median survival time (MST) for cats undergoing surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism? * Singh, vet surg 2019.
MST: 1109 days (3 years).
Most common tumors were parathyroid adenoma (62%) and parathyroid carcinoma (22%).
What was the impact of using a vessel-sealing device (VSD) during thyroidectomy in dogs? * Lorange, JAVMA 2019.
Shorter operative times without significantly affecting complication rates or hospitalization times.
This suggests VSD may be a beneficial tool in thyroid surgeries.
True or False: Preoperative serum total calcium (tCa) and ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations were predictive of postoperative hypocalcemia. * Milovancev, JAVMA 2013.
False.
No correlation was found between preoperative serum calcium levels and postoperative outcomes.
Fill in the blank: The most common tumors in cats with primary hyperparathyroidism are parathyroid _______ and parathyroid carcinoma. * Singh, vet surg 2019.
adenoma.
Parathyroid adenomas accounted for 62% of cases.
What was the agreement percentage of ultrasonography and surgery in identifying parathyroid pathology? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
65% number of glands, 72% for side identification
Surgery correctly identified abnormal glands in 78% of cases.
What parathyroid mass size is suggestive of malignancy? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
≥ 8.0 mm
This indicates a potential carcinoma.
What preoperative ionized calcium level increases the risk for postoperative hypocalcemia? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
≥ 1.75 mEq/L
This level results in a 7.5x increased risk for developing hypocalcemia post-surgery.
What percentage of dogs developed hypocalcemia postoperatively in the study? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
47%
This highlights the significance of monitoring postoperative calcium levels.
What surgical approach is recommended for dogs undergoing parathyroidectomy? * Burkhardt. VS 2021.
Bilateral cervical surgical exploration
This is recommended to effectively address parathyroid pathology.
What were the common clinical signs (CS) of parathyroid carcinomas in dogs? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.
- PU/PD
- PL paresis
- Lethargy
- Hyporexia
These signs indicate potential parathyroid issues.
What is the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia in dogs after surgery for parathyroid carcinoma? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.
34%
Monitoring is crucial due to the significant occurrence of this complication.
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with parathyroid carcinomas? * Erickson, JAVMA 2021.
2 years
The 1-year survival rate is reported at 84%.
What percentage of functional thyroid tumors in dogs are malignant? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.
85%
What is the metastatic rate for malignant functional thyroid tumors in dogs? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.
4%
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with functional thyroid tumors vs malignant thyroid vs benign ? * Frederick, JAVMA 2020.
1,072 days (35 months / 3 years)
MST: malignant thyroid tumors = 970 days (32 months / 2.5 years) vs benign = 1,072 days (35 months / 3 years)
What is the most common type of adrenal tumor associated with spontaneous hemorrhage in dogs and cats? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.
Adrenocortical neoplasia and pheochromocytoma
Adrenocortical neoplasia: malignant (41%) vs benign (12%), pheochromocytoma (38%)
What is the overall mortality rate for adrenal tumors treated by adrenalectomy after spontaneous hemoabd? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.
21%
Complications associated with the procedure are reported at 42%
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs after adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors for spontaneous hemoabdomen? * Traverson, JAVMA 2023.
574 days (1.5 years), 900 days (2.5 years) if censoring short-term mortality
What is the median maximum tumor diameter for dogs undergoing BSSLA? * Farrell, JAVMA 2023
2.3-2.6 cm
What percentage of dogs undergoing adrenalectomy are considered hypercoagulable? * Mitsui, JAVMA 2023.
53%
0% were hypocoagulable
Which type of adrenal tumor has the highest association with hypercoagulability? * Mitsui, JAVMA 2023.
Adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) at 66%
What is the conversion rate for laparoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs? * Mayhew, JAVMA 2023.
9.4%
Conversion rate increases with higher body condition score (BCS) and tumor size
What is the survival rate for dogs after laparoscopic adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, JAVMA 2023.
95%
Risk of death increases with more significant lesion signs
What is the most common cause of death or euthanasia in dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors that did not undergo adrenalectomy? * Fontes, JAVMA 2023.
Hemoperitoneum (25%)
What is the MST for dogs with invasive adrenal gland tumors not treated with adrenalectomy? * Fontes, JAVMA 2023.
50 days
What are the clinical signs (CS) associated with primary hyperaldosteronism in cats? * Magno, JFMS 2023.
Hypokalemia (100%), hypertension (89%), lethargy (69%), neck ventroflexion (59%)
What is the survival rate after surgical intervention for primary hyperaldosteronism in cats? * Magno, JFMS 2023.
97%
MST = 1082 days (3 years)
What percentage of dogs with pheochromocytomas experienced hypertension during general anesthesia? * Enright, vet surg 2022
86%
What is the survival to discharge rate for dogs after adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas with or without pretx? * Enright, vet surg 2022
83%
What is the comparison of surgical time and hypotension incidence between laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies? * Taylor, vet surg 2021.
Laparoscopic has shorter surgical time and lower hypotension incidence (lap = 14% vs open = 61%)
What factors are associated with an increased risk of death in dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasms treated by adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.
Postdiaphragmatic thrombus termination
What is the median caval occlusion time reported for dogs undergoing adrenalectomy with caudal vena cava venotomy? * Knight, vet surg 2019
6.5 minutes
What is the most common tumor type in dogs with invasive adrenal neoplasms? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.
Pheochromocytoma (80%)
Other tumor types include adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) at 15%
What was the overall mortality rate reported in the study on invasive adrenal neoplasms treated by adrenalectomy? * Mayhew, vet surg 2019.
24%
Factors such as body weight, tumor type, and size/extent of caval thrombus did not affect survival.
What was the effect of alpha-blocker treatment on intraoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP)?
Intraoperative SBP increased by 20%
o GA complications: hypertension = 86% and arrhythmias = 30%
80% of dogs w hypertension and 68% w/ arrhythmias were pretx w/ alpha blockers
This increase was observed in dogs treated with alpha-blockers.
True or False: Preoperative alpha-blocker treatment is associated with increased survival in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy. * Enright, vet surg 2022.
False
There is no evidence to support the use of preoperative alpha-blocker treatment for increased survival.
What is the main finding regarding endoscope assistance in feline TECABO? * Enright, JFMS 2023.
Endoscope assistance can facilitate identification of middle ear structures but does not increase the success rate of entry into the hypotympanum.
According to Merkins 2021, what is the failure rate for surgery to completely enter the hypotympanum?
Approximately 25% of the time.
What complications rate was observed in extreme brachycephalic dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy? * Banks, VS 2023.
Complications occurred in 27.8% of cases.
What percentage of extreme brachycephalic dogs presented with neuro signs secondary to otitis media?* Banks, VS 2023.
56%.
What was the recurrence rate for ceruminous adenomas and ceruminous ACA tx with laser ablation? * Pieper, JVIM 2023.
Ceruminous adenoma = 7% vs ceruminous ACA = 8%.
What is the advantage of video-otoscopic aided biopsy and CO2 laser ablation? * Pieper, JVIM 2023.
It is a viable treatment option with low recurrence and complication rates.
What is Rigid normograde RATA used for in cats? * Oorsprong, JFMS 2023.
It is an effective technique for the removal of small middle ear polyps from auditory tube openings.
What is the median survival time for cats with aural squamous cell carcinoma treated by surgery vs med/palliative mgmt? * Mcgrath, JFMS 2022.
MST: surgery = 168d (5mo) vs med mgmt/palliative (RT/chemo) = 85d /3mo
How does empirical antimicrobial selection affect postoperative complications in dogs and cats? * Folk, JAVMA 2022. (TECABO)
Giving ABX =86% less likely to have infection complications
No ABX = 10x more likely to need revision
What percentage of cats with acute OM/OI had abnormal CSF ? * Dutil, JFMS 2022.
43%.
What was the complication rate for transoral ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy in cats? * Moissonnier, JAVMA 2022.
66%.
What is the most common type of retrobulbar tumor in cats? * Jones, JFMS 2022.
Lymphoma (51%).
What is the relationship between surgeon experience and entry into the hypotympanum during feline total ear canal ablation? * Mehrkens, JFMS 2021.
Novice surgeons had a 25% success rate, while experienced surgeons had a 75% success rate.
Which breed was found to have more middle ear effusion and inflammation? * Krainer, VS 2021.
French bulldogs.
What was the recurrence rate for aural hematomas treated with steroids compared to multiple drainage holes? * Itoh, JAVMA 2021.
Steroids = 33% vs multiple holes = 4%.
What were the respiratory complication rates for unilateral, staged bilateral, and single-stage bilateral ventral bulla osteotomy in cats? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
SS bilateral VBO = 47%, staged bilateral = 29%, unilateral = 9%.
What is the percentage of respiratory complications for single-stage bilateral VBO in cats? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
47%
This is compared to 29% for staged bilateral and 9% for unilateral VBO.
How much more likely are cats treated with single-stage bilateral VBO to experience severe respiratory complications? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
13 times higher
This statistic highlights the increased risk associated with single-stage procedures.
What percentage of cats experience neurologic complications such as Horner’s syndrome following VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
68% (20% permanent)
This is the highest rate of neurologic complications reported.
What percentage of cats experience head tilt as a neurologic complication after VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
30% (22% permanent)
This is the second most common neurologic complication.
What percentage of cats experience facial paralysis as a neurologic complication following VBO? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
14% (8% permanent)
This is the least common neurologic complication reported.
How does the presence of neurologic signs preoperatively affect the likelihood of permanent complications? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
More likely to be permanent
Cats with preoperative neurological signs have a higher risk of permanent complications.
Which surgical method should be recommended for cats with bilateral middle ear disease? Wainberg, JAVMA 2019.
Staged bilateral VBO
This method is preferred over single-stage bilateral VBO due to lower complication rates.
What percentage of positive bacterial bulla cultures were found in the study? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.
86%.
What was the most common bacteria identified in positive bulla cultures? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.
Staphylococcus.
What is the likelihood of having an infection complication when positive cultures are treated with antibiotics postoperatively within one month?
86% less likely.
What percentage of TECA revision surgeries were due to infection-related complications? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.
11%.
How much more likely are patients to require revision surgery if no antibiotics are administered? * Folk, JAVMA 2022.
10 times as likely.
List the common empiric antibiotics used in the study and their percentages. * Folk, JAVMA 2022.
- Clavamox (49%)
- Cephalexin (24%)
- Enrofloxacin (7%)
- Marbofloxacin (5%).
How do the presenting conditions of extreme brachycephalic dogs differ from other breeds? * Banks, VS 2023.
Extreme brachycephalic dogs presented acutely, at a younger age, and with neuro signs, while other breeds presented primarily with chronic conditions without neuro signs (76%).
What percentage of dogs experienced complications during the procedures studied? * Banks, VS 2023.
27.8%
Was there a significant difference in complication rates between extreme brachycephalic breeds and other breeds? * Banks, VS 2023.
No, there was no significant difference between extreme brachycephalic breeds (24%) and other breeds (29%).
