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Phase 2 TJ > MSK principles > Flashcards

MSK principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of orthogonal plate application on construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.

A

Higher bending and torsional construct stiffness and lower strain over the primary plate in bending.

Orthogonal plate application involves using plates of different sizes (3.5 + 2.7) to enhance stability.

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2
Q

How does working length (WL) affect construct stiffness? * Bruyn, VCOT 2024.

A

Decreased working length increases construct stiffness, while longer WL decreases stiffness.

The relationship between WL and construct stiffness is significant in both bending and torsion.

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3
Q

What was the finding regarding plate-bone distance (PBD) in relation to construct stiffness? * Evans, VCOT 2023.

A

Plate bone distance had no effect on construct stiffness in bending but significantly decreased stiffness in torsion.

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4
Q

What insertion angles and speeds were associated with the highest rate of transcortical fracture (TCF)? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.

A

Insertion at 10 degrees angle with slow speed (12%) and fast speed (17%).

A 4% fracture rate was noted at a 5-degree angle.

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5
Q

What was concluded about double-loop cerclage compared to twist and single-loop cerclage? * Butare, vet surg 2022

A

Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The ideal grip location with the lowest combination of bend angle/radius is _______ for 0.9 mm wires. * Gremley, Vet Surg 2023.

A

2.0 cm

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7
Q

What is the biomechanical comparison between two screws versus three screws per fragment in locking plate constructs? * Palierene, VCOT 2022

A

Three-screw constructs were stiffer than two-screw constructs and cycled to failure quicker.

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8
Q

True or False: Safe corridors for external skeletal fixator pin placement in felines are the same as in canines. * Prackova, JFMS 2022.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the effect of off-axis insertion of locking screws on push out strength? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.

which plate system stronger at 0deg (LCP or Polyaxial)?

A

o cost of off-axis locking screws = significant reduction in screw holding strength

o 3.5 LCPs stronger than PLS if at 0deg

Off-axis insertion decreases push out strength for 3.5 LCP but increases push out force for 3.5 polyax at certain angles.

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10
Q

What is the recommended screw size selection guideline for screw-hole defect size in feline femora? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.

A

Up to 33% of bone diameter as appropriate.

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11
Q

What factors predispose to transcortical fracture development? * Sadowitz, vet surg 2023.

A

Increased screw insertion angle and insertion speed.

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12
Q

What was found about the mechanical performance of polyaxial locking plates compared to locking compression plates? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2019.

A

PLS plates are approximately 30% weaker than LCP plates.

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13
Q

What was the effect of working length on plate strain in comminuted fractures? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.

A

Shorter working length decreases plate strain.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Insertion of external skeletal fixation pins should be done _______ to the desired position for greater peak pullout strengths. * Park, VCOT 2022.

A

unidirectionally

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15
Q

What can you do to avoid excessive plate strain in a comminuted fx? * Wainberg, VCOT 2023.

A

Decreasing working length or using orthogonal plates/rod.

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the number of screws and the load prior to plastic deformation? * Palierene, VCOT 2022.

A

Two-screw constructs had a 24% decrease in load prior to plastic deformation compared to three-screw constructs.

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17
Q

What is a significant finding regarding the insertion angle of screws for poly axial system vs LCP? * Kaczmarek, VCOT 2022.

A

The 3.5 PLS is more sensitive to the screw insertion angle than the 3.5 LCP.

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18
Q

What should be the bolt distribution recommendation for the I-Loc 3 nail? * Martuello, Vet surg 2021.

A

A 2:2 bolt distribution to avoid iatrogenic bolt fracture.

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19
Q

What biomechanical elements were compared in the study?

A

Notched Head Locking T-Plate and Straight Locking Compression Plate

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20
Q

In Bird 2020, which plate demonstrated greater stiffness (2.0 LCP w 2 screws or 2.0 notched Plate w 3 screws?

A

2.0LCP with two screws in short fragment

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21
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats treated for atrophic/oligotrophic non-unions with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation healed? * Camilleti, JSAP 2023.

A

95% healed

This statistic is based on a study covering 19 cases from 2014 to 2021.

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22
Q

In a study of 442 dogs, what percentage experienced delayed union, non-union, and mal-union? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A
  • Delayed union: 14%
  • Non-union: 5%
  • Mal-union: 1%

These outcomes were reported by Marshall in 2022.

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for delayed/non-union in dogs? * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A
  • Age
  • Comminuted fractures
  • Bone graft use (all types)
  • Surgical site infection (SSI)
  • Major implant failure

These factors were identified in a study of 442 dogs.

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24
Q

True or False: Radius/ulna fractures in toy breed dogs have increased odds of delayed or non-union. * Marshall, vet surg 2022.

A

False

The study indicated that toy breed dogs were not at increased odds for these complications.

25
Q

When is surgical treatment recommended for short radius syndrome? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

For cases greater than 2–3 mm to reduce associated pain and lameness

Surgical intervention is aimed at improving the quality of life for affected dogs.

26
Q

What might improve outcomes for smaller steps (2-3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

Bi-oblique dynamic proximal ostectomy

This technique may provide better results for smaller corrections.

27
Q

What is required for larger steps (>3mm) in short radius syndrome treatment? * pfeil, vet surg 2024.

A

A larger ulnar ostectomy and secondary ulnar shortening

Larger corrections are more complex and require careful surgical planning.

28
Q

What was the finding regarding the accuracy of caudocranial canine femoral radiographs compared to CT? * Clark, VCOT 2022.

A

Rads overestimated aLDFA by 1.8 degrees compared to CT

This indicates that radiographs should be used cautiously as a screening tool.

29
Q

What is the recommended use for radiographs in measuring aLDFA? * Clark, VCOT 2022.

A

Best used as a screening tool for true aLDFA greater than 102 degrees

Reliance solely on radiographs for measurement is not advised.

30
Q

What was the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy according to Hagen’s study?

A

11% overall, with 28% associated with MRSP

MRSP refers to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

31
Q

What protective factors against SSI were identified? * Hagen, VS 2020.

A

Postoperative antibiotics and timing of preoperative antibiotics

Proper antibiotic management is crucial in preventing infections.

32
Q

What risk factor for surgical site infections and incidence of SSI was identified in Giannetto’s study? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.

A

Increased body weight

SSI = 2.3%

Heavier dogs may face higher risks during surgical procedures.

33
Q

What was concluded about the use of postoperative wound dressings? * Giannetto, VCOT 2019.

A

No clear benefit in usage

This suggests that postoperative care may not require additional dressing in all cases.

34
Q

humerus physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht

A

proximal physis = 80% growth; closure @ 12mo
distal physis = 20% growth; closure @ 6mo

35
Q

radius physeal closure prox vs distal and % contribution to growht

A

proximal physis = ~40% growth; closure @ 8mo
distal physis = ~60% growth; closure @ 10mo

36
Q

ulna physeal closure distal and % contribution to growht

A

distal physis = ~100% growth; closure @ 10mo

37
Q

What are the three methods of tension band-wire (TBW) augmentation evaluated in Mckay’s study?

A

Transpatellar, suprapatellar, combined tension band-wire augmentation.

These methods were used to augment patella tendon repairs in dogs.

38
Q

Which TBW augmentation method was found to be superior in Mckay’s study?

A

Combined transpatellar/suprapatellar TBW augmentation.

This method provided increased repair-site strength compared to transpatellar or suprapatellar groups alone.

39
Q

What muscles are primarily affected by fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.

A

Gracilis and semitendinosus muscles.

These muscles are located in the caudal thigh region.

40
Q

What are the treatment options for fibrotic myopathy in dogs? * Wilson, JAVMA 2023.

A
  • Rest/NSAIDs
  • Transection/resection of fibrotic band
  • MSC injection

These treatment options aim to alleviate symptoms and improve mobility.

41
Q

What additional component of the common calcaneal tendon (CCT) is found in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Soleus muscle

42
Q

What percentage of calcaneal tendon injuries in cats are atraumatic ? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

45%

43
Q

What is the relationship between age and atraumatic injury in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Increase in age = increase in odds of atraumatic injury

44
Q

What are the most common types of calcaneal tendon tears in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF (atraumatic) and complete tear (traumatic)

45
Q

What is the Meustege type classification for a complete tear of all parts of the CCT? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Type I

46
Q

Which Meustege type is the most common atraumatic calcaneal tendon injury? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Type IIc (Gastrocnemius avulsions with intact SDF)

47
Q

What was 1’ related to complications for CCT repair in cats? * Haubler, JFSM 2023

A

Complications 1’ assoc w technique of tarsal joint immobilization
 ESF frames =more complications
 Complications: Transarticular ESF(57.1%) > calcaneotibial screw (33.3%)

48
Q

What is the biomechanical superiority of the 4-loop pulley (4LP) pattern compared to the 3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern? * Obyrne. VCOT 2022.

A

The 4LP pattern requires a greater load to form both a 1 mm and 3 mm gap and has a greater load for failure

The 4LP suture pattern better resists gap formation and requires greater load prior to construct failure.

49
Q

What are the unproven etiologies of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Canine distemper
  • Vaccination
  • Hereditary factors
  • Auto-immune issues

These etiologies have not been conclusively proven.

50
Q

What clinical signs and radiographic findings are associated with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Lameness
  • Lethargy
  • Pyrexia
  • Distal metaphyseal swelling
  • ‘Double physis’ or radiolucent line parallel to the physis

These findings help in diagnosing the condition.

51
Q

What is the recommended treatment for moderate to severe cases of hypertrophic osteodystrophy in dogs? * Selman, JSAP 2022.

A

Steroids (0.75 mg/kg pred PO BID) should strongly be considered over NSAIDs

Steroids are preferred for managing inflammation and pain in these cases.

52
Q

What are the anatomical features of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Medial/lateral retinacular attachments to the tuber calcanei
  • Presence of a synovial bursa deep to the tendon on the tuber calcanei

These structures play a critical role in the function and stability of the SDFT.

53
Q

What causes luxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon? and which side is more common? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

Rupture of the medial or lateral retinacular insertion of the SDFT on the tuber calcanei
lateral more common

Luxation occurs more frequently in lateral directions compared to medial.

54
Q

What is the treatment of choice for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation in dogs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

Surgical reconstruction of the torn retinacular attachment of the SDFT

This intervention aims to restore stability and function.

55
Q

What factors are associated with an increased risk of surgical failure in SDFT luxation repairs? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A
  • Using absorbable suture (60% increased risk)
  • Non-rigid immobilization (57% failure)
  • Rigid immobilization (19% failure)

The type of suture and immobilization technique significantly affect surgical outcomes.

56
Q

What is the success rate of surgical management for superficial digital flexor tendon luxation? * Goh, JSAP 2022.

A

75% success rate

Re-luxation occurs in 15% of cases, and lameness is noted in 13%.

57
Q

How does a continuous epitendinous suture affect tendon repair in a canine model? * Putterman, VS 2019.

A

It eliminates gapping between tendon ends until failure and increases resistance to loads compared to no epitendinous suture

This suture technique enhances the stability of tendon repairs.

58
Q

Which suture pattern is better at preventing gap formation in tendon repairs? * Putterman, VS 2019.

A

3-loop pulley (3LP) pattern is better than locking-loop (LL) when used alone

This finding emphasizes the importance of suture pattern selection in tendon repairs.

Phase 2 TJ (9 decks)

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