MSK, Lower Limb Prosections (#1-3)

Question 1

Small (short) saphenous vein

Answer 1

this vessel passes posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle. The small saphenous vein arises from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch. Follow this vessel superiorly until it pierces the deep fascia in the popliteal fossa where it drains into the popliteal vein

Question 2

Sural nerve

Answer 2

the sural nerve pierces the deep fascia halfway down the posterior aspect of the leg and courses parallel to the small saphenous vein. The sural nerve innervates the skin of the lateral aspect of the ankle and foot

Question 3

great (long) saphenous vein

Answer 3

longest vein of the body - travels from the femoral vein all the way to the big toe (medial malleolus side)

Question 4

Anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve

Answer 4

innervate the skin of the anterior thigh; branches of the femoral nerve

Question 5

Saphenous nerve

Answer 5

branch of the femoral nerve that pierces the deep fascia; it runs parallel to the femoral vein and the superficial femoral artery

Question 6

deep fibular nerve (cutaneous branches of the foot)

Answer 6

The skin between the first toe and the second toe is innervated by the dorsal digital branches of the deep fibular nerve. Clinically, this innervation pattern is used for the assessment of deep fibular nerve function

Question 7

iliofemoral ligament

Answer 7

broad, strong band attached proximally to the anterior inferior iliac spine and distally to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament becomes lax in flexion and taut in extension. It prevents overextension of the hip joint

Question 8

pubofemoral ligament

Answer 8

runs from the pubic bone to the femur (intertrochanteric line)

Question 9

ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 9

posterior hip; extend horizontally across the capsule of the joint from the acetabular margin to the neck of the femur. The ischiofemoral ligament becomes taut and limits extension of the hip joint

Question 10

articular cartilage of the head of the femur

Answer 10

Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

Question 11

transverse acetabular ligament

Answer 11

It consists of strong, flattened fibers, which cross the acetabular notch, and convert it into a foramen through which the nutrient vessels enter the joint

Question 12

ligament of the head of the femur AND fovea for the ligament of the head of the femur

Answer 12

The ligament is implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris and its base is attached by two bands, one into either side of the acetabular notch, and between these bony attachments it blends with the transverse ligament

Question 13

lunate surface in the acetabulum

Answer 13

The lunate surface is crescent-shaped and is widest anterosuperiorly. The lunate surface is covered by articular cartilage, which is thickest in the broadest region

Question 14

acetabular labrum

Answer 14

fibrocartilagenous rim which deepens the joint cavity so that the femoral head is not easily dislocated from the joint cavity

Question 15

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

Answer 15

medial side of the knee

Question 16

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Answer 16

lateral side of the knee

Question 17

anterior cruciate ligament

Answer 17

extends from the anterior intercondylar area of the femur to tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur; prevents the anterior movement of the tibia on the femur

Question 18

posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 18

connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the femur; prevents the posterior movement of the tibia on the femur

Question 19

medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus

Answer 19

The medial meniscus is also securely attached to the tibial collateral ligament (MCL) and both are frequently torn together in sports injuries

Question 20

deltoid ligament (3 medial ligaments of the ankle)

Answer 20

attached above to the medial malleolus and spreads out inferiorly to attach to the navicular, the talus and the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus

Question 21

lateral collateral ligament (of the ankle)

Answer 21

comprised of the: calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament

Question 22

psoas major muscle

Answer 22

Proximal Attachment: T12 and lumbar vertebral bodies
Distal Attachment: Lesser Trochanter of the Femur
Innervation: L1-L3 anterior rami
Action: flexes the thigh

Question 23

psoas minor muscle

Answer 23

Proximal Attachment: T12/L1 vertebral bodies
Distal Attachment: iliopubic eminence
Innervation: L1-L2 anterior rami
Action: flexes the thigh

Question 24

iliacus muscle

Answer 24

Proximal Attachment: iliac crest and fossa
Distal Attachment: lesser torchanter of the femur
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: flexes the thigh

Question 25

quadratus lumborum muscle

Answer 25

Proximal Attachment: 12th rib and lumbar transverse processes
Distal Attachment: iliac crest
Action: flexes the vertebral column laterally and anchors the inferior end of the rib cage during respiration

Question 26

transversus abdominis muscle

Answer 26

forms the lateral part of the posterior abdominal wall. The transversus abdominis muscle lies posterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle

Question 27

genitofemoral nerve

Answer 27

anterior surface of the psoas major muscle; supplies a small area of skin inferior and medial to the inguinal ligament

Question 28

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 28

supplies the skin on the lateral aspect of the thigh

Question 29

subcostal nerve

Answer 29

located 1 cm inferior to the 12th rib

Question 30

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Answer 30

they descend steeply across the surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle

Question 31

obturator nerve

Answer 31

lies on the medial side of the psoas major muscle. The obturator nerve supplies motor and sensory innervation to the medial thigh; obturator nerve is involved with all the ADDuctors

Question 32

abdominal aorta

Answer 32

• gives rise to lumbar arteries
• at the bifurcation of the aorta, the common iliac arteries are formed
• at the next big bifurcation, the internal and external iliac arteries are formed
• the external iliac arteries give rise to the femoral arteries

Question 33

plantar aponeurosis

Answer 33

thick connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot connects the calcaneus tuberosity to the heads of the metatarsal bones

Question 34

flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 34

calcaneus to the middle phalanges of toes 2-5; flexes the 4 toes; medial plantar nerve

Question 35

abductor hallucis

Answer 35

calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the big toe; abduction of the big toe; medial plantar nerve

Question 36

abductor digiti minimi

Answer 36

calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit; abducts the 5th toe; lateral plantar nerve

Question 37

medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries

Answer 37

medial = big toe side; lateral = 4 digits side

Question 38

quadratus plantae muscle

Answer 38

deep to the flexor digitorum brevis; helps to flex the 4 toes; innervated by the lateral plantar nerve

Question 39

flexor digitorum longus tendons (muscle on the back of the leg)

Answer 39

insert into the distal phalanges of digits 2-4; plantaflex the foot

Question 40

four lumbrical muscles

Answer 40

distal attachments of the lumbrical muscles are the extensor expansions of the lateral four toes; lateral plantar nerve

Question 41

flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 41

medial and lateral head that attach to the proximal phalanx of the big toe; flexes the big toe; medial and lateral plantar nerve

Question 42

tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle

Answer 42

attached to the distal phalanx of the great toe

Question 43

adductor hallucis muscle

Answer 43

adductor hallucis muscle adducts the great toe; has a transverse and oblique head; both innervated by the lateral plantar nerve

Question 44

flexor digiti minimi (brevis) muscle

Answer 44

flexor digiti minimi muscle flexes the fifth toe; lateral plantar nerve

Question 45

plantar arch

Answer 45

artery that continues from the lateral plantar artery

Question 46

interosseous muscles

Answer 46

located deep to the plantar arch; The four Dorsal interosseous muscles are ABductors (DAB) and the three Plantar interosseous muscles are ADductors (PAD) of the toes. Recall that the reference axis for abduction and adduction passes through the second toe