MSK, Lower Limb Prosections (#1-3) Flashcards
Small (short) saphenous vein
this vessel passes posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle. The small saphenous vein arises from the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch. Follow this vessel superiorly until it pierces the deep fascia in the popliteal fossa where it drains into the popliteal vein
Sural nerve
the sural nerve pierces the deep fascia halfway down the posterior aspect of the leg and courses parallel to the small saphenous vein. The sural nerve innervates the skin of the lateral aspect of the ankle and foot
great (long) saphenous vein
longest vein of the body - travels from the femoral vein all the way to the big toe (medial malleolus side)
Anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve
innervate the skin of the anterior thigh; branches of the femoral nerve
Saphenous nerve
branch of the femoral nerve that pierces the deep fascia; it runs parallel to the femoral vein and the superficial femoral artery
deep fibular nerve (cutaneous branches of the foot)
The skin between the first toe and the second toe is innervated by the dorsal digital branches of the deep fibular nerve. Clinically, this innervation pattern is used for the assessment of deep fibular nerve function
iliofemoral ligament
broad, strong band attached proximally to the anterior inferior iliac spine and distally to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament becomes lax in flexion and taut in extension. It prevents overextension of the hip joint
pubofemoral ligament
runs from the pubic bone to the femur (intertrochanteric line)
ischiofemoral ligament
posterior hip; extend horizontally across the capsule of the joint from the acetabular margin to the neck of the femur. The ischiofemoral ligament becomes taut and limits extension of the hip joint
articular cartilage of the head of the femur
Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
transverse acetabular ligament
It consists of strong, flattened fibers, which cross the acetabular notch, and convert it into a foramen through which the nutrient vessels enter the joint
ligament of the head of the femur AND fovea for the ligament of the head of the femur
The ligament is implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris and its base is attached by two bands, one into either side of the acetabular notch, and between these bony attachments it blends with the transverse ligament
lunate surface in the acetabulum
The lunate surface is crescent-shaped and is widest anterosuperiorly. The lunate surface is covered by articular cartilage, which is thickest in the broadest region
acetabular labrum
fibrocartilagenous rim which deepens the joint cavity so that the femoral head is not easily dislocated from the joint cavity
Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
medial side of the knee
Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
lateral side of the knee
anterior cruciate ligament
extends from the anterior intercondylar area of the femur to tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur; prevents the anterior movement of the tibia on the femur
posterior cruciate ligament
connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the femur; prevents the posterior movement of the tibia on the femur
medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus
The medial meniscus is also securely attached to the tibial collateral ligament (MCL) and both are frequently torn together in sports injuries
deltoid ligament (3 medial ligaments of the ankle)
attached above to the medial malleolus and spreads out inferiorly to attach to the navicular, the talus and the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus
lateral collateral ligament (of the ankle)
comprised of the: calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament
psoas major muscle
Proximal Attachment: T12 and lumbar vertebral bodies
Distal Attachment: Lesser Trochanter of the Femur
Innervation: L1-L3 anterior rami
Action: flexes the thigh
psoas minor muscle
Proximal Attachment: T12/L1 vertebral bodies
Distal Attachment: iliopubic eminence
Innervation: L1-L2 anterior rami
Action: flexes the thigh
iliacus muscle
Proximal Attachment: iliac crest and fossa
Distal Attachment: lesser torchanter of the femur
Innervation: femoral nerve
Action: flexes the thigh
quadratus lumborum muscle
Proximal Attachment: 12th rib and lumbar transverse processes
Distal Attachment: iliac crest
Action: flexes the vertebral column laterally and anchors the inferior end of the rib cage during respiration
transversus abdominis muscle
forms the lateral part of the posterior abdominal wall. The transversus abdominis muscle lies posterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle
genitofemoral nerve
anterior surface of the psoas major muscle; supplies a small area of skin inferior and medial to the inguinal ligament
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
supplies the skin on the lateral aspect of the thigh
subcostal nerve
located 1 cm inferior to the 12th rib
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
they descend steeply across the surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle
obturator nerve
lies on the medial side of the psoas major muscle. The obturator nerve supplies motor and sensory innervation to the medial thigh; obturator nerve is involved with all the ADDuctors
abdominal aorta
- gives rise to lumbar arteries
- at the bifurcation of the aorta, the common iliac arteries are formed
- at the next big bifurcation, the internal and external iliac arteries are formed
- the external iliac arteries give rise to the femoral arteries
plantar aponeurosis
thick connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot connects the calcaneus tuberosity to the heads of the metatarsal bones
flexor digitorum brevis
calcaneus to the middle phalanges of toes 2-5; flexes the 4 toes; medial plantar nerve
abductor hallucis
calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the big toe; abduction of the big toe; medial plantar nerve
abductor digiti minimi
calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit; abducts the 5th toe; lateral plantar nerve
medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries
medial = big toe side; lateral = 4 digits side
quadratus plantae muscle
deep to the flexor digitorum brevis; helps to flex the 4 toes; innervated by the lateral plantar nerve
flexor digitorum longus tendons (muscle on the back of the leg)
insert into the distal phalanges of digits 2-4; plantaflex the foot
four lumbrical muscles
distal attachments of the lumbrical muscles are the extensor expansions of the lateral four toes; lateral plantar nerve
flexor hallucis brevis
medial and lateral head that attach to the proximal phalanx of the big toe; flexes the big toe; medial and lateral plantar nerve
tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle
attached to the distal phalanx of the great toe
adductor hallucis muscle
adductor hallucis muscle adducts the great toe; has a transverse and oblique head; both innervated by the lateral plantar nerve
flexor digiti minimi (brevis) muscle
flexor digiti minimi muscle flexes the fifth toe; lateral plantar nerve
plantar arch
artery that continues from the lateral plantar artery
interosseous muscles
located deep to the plantar arch; The four Dorsal interosseous muscles are ABductors (DAB) and the three Plantar interosseous muscles are ADductors (PAD) of the toes. Recall that the reference axis for abduction and adduction passes through the second toe
